Modified transurethral resection of the prostate for the management of BPH-related refractory lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with a history of pelvic fracture urethral injury reconstruction

International Urology and Nephrology - To evaluate the impact of a modified transurethral resection of prostate (mTURP) in patients with a history of pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) status...     

Formulation and evaluation of carrot seed oil-based cosmetic emulsions

The present study deals with the evaluation of antiaging potential of carrot seed oil-based cosmetic emulsions. Briefly, cosmetic emulsions composed of carrot seed oil in varying proportions (2, 4, and 6% w/v) were prepared using the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) technique. Coconut oil, nonionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80), and xanthan gum were used as the oil phase, emulgent, and emulsion stabilizer, respectively. The formed emulsions were evaluated for various physical, chemical, and biochemical parameters such as the zeta potential, globule size measurement, antioxidant activity, sun protection factor (SPF), skin irritation, and biochemical studies. The zeta potential values ranged from ?43.2 to ?48.3, indicating good stability. The polydispersity index (PDI) of various emulsion formulations ranged from 0.353 to 0.816. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl- (DPPH) and nitric oxide-free radical scavenging activity showed the antioxidant potential of the prepared carrot seed oil emulsions. The highest SPF value (6.92) was shown by F3 having 6%w/v carrot seed oil. Histopathological data and biochemical analysis (ascorbic acid (ASC) and total protein content) suggest that these cosmetic emulsions have sufficient potential to be used as potential skin rejuvenating preparations.     

Cosmeceutical potential of geranium and calendula essential oil: Determination of antioxidant activity and in vitro sun protection factor

The present investigation was aimed to find out the sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant potential of geranium essential oil (GEO) and calendula essential oil (CEO) because having a combination of these two properties moves up the oils as an active ingredient of various cosmeceutical formulations for their preventive and protective properties. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens leaves (GEO) and Calendula officinalis flowers (CEO). The composition and identification of chemical constituents of oils were determined by GCMS analysis. Free radical scavenging activity was measured by nitric oxide scavenging activity and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. It was observed that both GEO and CEO have the potential to reduce or prevent oxidative stress and can be used in skin care regimen to slow down skin aging via its antioxidant properties. In vitro SPF was determined by a very simple and rapid spectroscopic method. SPF value of GEO and CEO was found to 6.45 and 8.36, respectively. The SPF of CEO was higher than GEO, and the results of SPF show that these essential oils can be employed in sunscreen formulations to protect the skin from sunburn. From the results, it can be concluded that the combined antioxidant and SPF property of GEO and CEO can provide synergistic photoprotective effect or lift up the additional value of the cosmeceutical formulation.     

FIGO’s PALM–COEIN Classification of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Clinico-histopathological Correlation in Indian Setting

Introduction

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the commonest menstrual problem during perimenopause. The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics working group on menstrual disorders has developed a classification system (PALM–COEIN) for causes of the AUB in non-gravid women. The present study was conducted with the aim to study the two components of this system in clinical practice in general and to establish a clinico-pathological correlation of AUB with context of PALM component in particular.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred and thirty-six perimenopausal women (aged 40 years and above till 1 year beyond menopause) admitted with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding were studied. After thorough history and examination, a clinical diagnosis was made as per PALM–COEIN classification. Relative contribution of various causes of PALM (structural) and COEIN (functional) components was analysed. After all indicated investigations, endometrial sampling and hysterectomy specimen were assessed by histology. A clinicopathological correlation was analysed statistically.

Result

PALM and COEIN components contributed almost equally for AUB when assessed clinically. On the other hand, the histological examination revealed significantly more cases of PALM (structural or anatomical) component of AUB, i.e. 50.23 versus 63.98 % (p ≤ 0.05) The difference was mainly attributed to the detection of more cases of AUB-M (malignancy and hyperplasia) in highly significant proportions (p ≤ .01) and coexistent cases of AUB-A;L. AUB-L was the commonest (41.1 %) aetiology overall.

Conclusion

The PALM–COEIN classification system should take into account both the clinical and histopathological diagnoses in women having AUB around perimenopause as the two diagnostic modalities are complementary to each other and clinical impression should be placed into proper perspective of this classification in order to optimise outcome.

     

Pregnancy Outcome in Patients with Solitary Kidney

Background

Solitary kidney may be congenital or as a result of nephrectomy. There is a lot of literature available on quality of life in these patients, but there is limited data on pregnancy outcome.

Objectives

To study pregnancy outcome in patients with solitary kidney either congenital or due to nephrectomy.

Materials and Methods

Study Design This is a retrospective observational study conducted at tertiary health center in Ahmedabad, from 2011 to 2014. Sample Size There were 164 patients of solitary kidney, out of which two patients had congenital solitary kidney and the remaining had solitary kidney due to nephrectomy. Among 164 patients, 96 (58.53 %) patients had completed family, 37 (22.56 %) patients did not try for pregnancy, 15 (9.14 %) patients have conceived, 12 (7.3 %) were lost to follow up and 4 (2.43 %) patients were infertile. Method Patients in reproductive age group (20–40 years), with solitary kidney either congenital or due to nephrectomy, were included. Maternal and fetal outcome was studied, and patients were followed up till 2 years postpartum. Exclusion Criteria Patients with solitary kidney due to post-renal transplant were excluded.

Results

There were 15 (9.14 %) patients who had conceived, out of which 11 (73.33) patients delivered and 4 (26.67 %) patients had spontaneous abortion. Two patients developed gestational hypertension and one had preeclampsia. On follow-up, all babies were normal and none of them had delayed developmental milestones.

Conclusion

Preconceptional counseling should be done in these patients regarding risk of developing preeclampsia during pregnancy and preterm delivery. These patients can have good pregnancy outcome with close monitoring during antenatal period.

     

Recent advancements and new perspectives in animal models for Neurocysticercosis immunopathogenesis

Neurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most common parasitic diseases of the central nervous system, is caused by Taenia solium. This parasite involves two hosts, intermediate hosts (pig and human) and a definitive host (human) and has various stages in its complex life cycle (eggs, oncosphere, cysticerci and adult tapeworm). Hence, developing an animal model for T. solium that mimics its natural course of infection is quite challenging. We have reviewed here the animal models frequently used to study immunopathogenesis of cysticercosis and also discussed their usefulness for NCC studies. We found that researchers have used mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, cats and pigs as models for this disease with varying degrees of success. Mice and rats models have been utilized extensively for immunopathogenesis studies due to their relative ease of handling and abundance of commercially available reagents to study these small animal models. These models have provided some very exciting results for in‐depth understanding of the disease. Of late, the experimentally/naturally infected swine model is turning out to be the best animal model as the disease progression closely resembles human infection in pigs. However, handling large experimental animals has its own challenges and limitations.