Genome size, karyotype, meiosis and a novel extra chromosome in Torenia fournieri, T. baillonii and their hybrid

Torenia is a suitable model plant to study plant fertilization because of its protruding embryo sac. However, information on the genomes and chromosomes of this species is limited. We determined the genome sizes of T. fournieri Linden and T. baillonii Godefr as 1.71 pg × 10⁸ bp and 1.67 × 10⁸ bp, respectively. The small genome size of these species suggests their superiority as the targets for molecular cloning studies. Furthermore, karyotypes of T. fournieri and T. baillonii were determined using FISH probed with 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA and species-specific centromere repetitive sequences. Although the two species have similar genome size, number of chromosomes, centromere repeats and 5S rDNA loci were varied. Observation of meiosis in the F₁ hybrid revealed that all chromosomes except one of T. fournieri paired well with the chromosomes of T. baillonii throughout the entire length of the chromosomes including species-specific centromeric regions. One exceptional chromosome of T. fournieri behaved as a univalent and was not always required for gametogenesis. The present results provide the basis for the molecular genetics in Torenia.     

Enhancing effects of oral adjuvants on anti-HBs responses induced by hepatitis B vaccine.

Hepatitis B (HB) vaccine is very promising for the prevention of HB infection. There exist, however, some non-responders to current vaccination trials. In this study, taurine, parotin and lithium were selected as adjuvants which can be administered orally. The mechanisms of these three materials as adjuvants and their effects on HB vaccine were investigated in mice. For instance, taurine induced polyclonal antibody production and exhibited adjuvant activity. Although taurine did not have any activity on the proliferation of thymocytes nor stimulate IL-2 production, taurine did induce IL-1 production by macrophages. It was considered that taurine-induced IL-1 would play an essential role in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Parotin also induced polyclonal antibody production and exhibited adjuvant activity. These effects of parotin were not affected even if macrophages or T cells were depleted, and parotin itself had an IL-1-like activity. Therefore, it was considered that parotin acted directly on B cells by its IL-1-like activity and mitogenic activity, resulting in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Lithium induced neither polyclonal antibody production, nor IL-1 or IL-2 production. However, when given with an antigen, lithium activated the humoral immune system, resulting in the augmentation of antibody production. Oral administration of taurine, parotin and lithium were capable of restoring antibody responses to HB surface antigen (HBsAg) in HBsAg-nonresponder mice. Furthermore, taurine, parotin and lithium enhanced the adjuvant effects of aluminium contained in the present HB vaccine. These observations indicate that use of these oral adjuvants may open new perspectives in the field of human HB vaccination.     

Lymphocyte subpopulations and T-cell subsets in human oral cancer tissues: immunohistologic analysis by monoclonal antibodies

A series of T-cell-specific monoclonal antibodies (Leu-1, Leu-2a, and Leu-3a) and B-cell-specific monoclonal antibody (HLB-1) were used to detect the localization and intensity of infiltration of lymphocyte subpopulations and T-cell subsets in frozen sections of 17 patients with the oral cancer. The vast majority of the lymphocyte infiltrates in the oral cancer tissues were reactive with Leu-1. In contrast, B cells were detectable with HLB-1 in only 2 of 17 cases. Leu-2a-positive cells were dominant in four cases, whereas Leu-3a positive cells were dominant in only three cases. In seven cases, both cells infiltrated to the same degree. Leu-2a positive cells tended to be dominant in the cases with earlier clinical stages.     

Effects of exhaustive exercise on biochemical characteristics of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rat soleus muscle

This study examined the effects of acute high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise on Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and the Ca2+ and ATP dependence of Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the soleus muscle. The rats were run on 10% grade at 50 m min(-1) or 25 m min(-1) until fatigued (avg. time to exhaustion 2.8 and 87.7 min, respectively). The catalytic activities of SR Ca2+-ATPase were significantly depressed immediately after both types of exercise. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that the Ca2+ affinity of Ca2+-ATPase was elevated by both types of exercise adopted in the present investigation whereas the increase in the ATP affinity was brought about by only high-intensity exercise. These results suggest that exhaustive exercise may induce in slow-twitch muscle fibre the environmental changes, which adversely affect SR Ca2+-ATPase activity and can overcome the positive influence arising from the increase in the Ca2+ and/or ATP affinities of SR Ca2+-ATPase.     

Effect of maximal arm exercise on skin blood flux in the paralyzed lower limbs in persons with spinal cord injury

 The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of maximal arm exercise on the skin blood circulation of the paralyzed lower limbs in persons with spinal cord injury (PSCI). Eight male PSCI with complete lesions located between T3 and L1 performed graded maximal arm-cranking exercise (MACE) to exhaustion. The skin blood flux at the thigh (SBFT) and that at the calf (SBFC) were monitored using laser-Doppler flowmeter at rest and for 15 s immediately after the MACE. The subject's mean peak oxygen uptake and peak heart rate was 1.41 ± 0.22 l · min^–1 and 171.6 ± 19.2 beats · min^–1, respectively. No PSCI showed any increase in either SBFT or SBFC after the MACE, when compared with the values at rest. These results suggest that the blood circulation of the skin in the paralyzed lower limbs in PSCI is unaffected by the MACE. Accepted: 12 September 1996