清代的中药店老字号

我国先秦时期已开始有医药商业活动,其后民间医药渐有发展,至清代中药业已达相当规模,各地开设的中药店为数不少,其中有一些至今仍在营业。本文对清代的中药店老字号加以简述。并对其所以能历久不衰的原因进行初步分析     

若干肿瘤标志物对原发性肝癌诊断的临床评价

目的综合评价血清甲胎蛋白（ＡＦＰ）、α－Ｌ－岩藻糖苷酶（ＡＦｕ）、γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（ＧＧＴ）、唾液酸（ＳＡ）和癌胚抗原（ＣＥＡ）对原发性肝癌（ＰＨＣ）的诊断价值以及联合检测的临床意义。方法对６７例ＰＨＣ、８例肝转移癌、８９例良性肝病及１３１例非肝病者,联合检测ＡＦＰ、ＡＦｕ、ＧＧＴ、ＳＡ和ＣＥＡ。结果５项指标对ＰＨＣ诊断的敏感性分别是６５．４％、７０．８％、３４．８％、６０．２％和３６．４％;特异性分别为９２．６％、９８．１％、８７．１％、９４．５％和７７．８％;ＡＦＰ、ＡＦｕ、ＧＧＴ和ＳＡ联合检测对ＰＨＣ诊断的敏感性是８１．４％,特异性为９１．６％。结论５种肿瘤标记物中,ＡＦｕ和ＡＦＰ对ＰＨＣ诊断意义较大;ＡＦｕ、ＡＦＰ、ＧＧＴ和ＳＡ联合检测可提高对ＰＨＣ诊断的敏感性和特异性。     

Interdependence between cytokines and cell adhesion molecules to induce interleukin-6 production by stromal cells in myeloma

Bone marrow (BM) environment is thought to support the growth of myeloma cells and thus to play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Because interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an essential growth factor in MM, we have examined the effects of two myeloma cell lines (U266 and ARH-77) on the IL-6 production by BM stromal cells in a co-culture system. These cell lines strongly stimulate the IL-6 production and IL-6 triggering was partially dependent on physical contact between lines and stroma. The percentages of cell adhesion to stromal layers were 39% and 25% respectively for ARH77 and U266 cell lines. Inhibition studies with blocking monoclonal antibodies showed the importance of CD49d/CD106 and CD11a/CD54 interactions in the stimulation of IL-6 production by stromal cells. However, cell-to-cell contact was not an absolute requirement for IL-6 production. Cytokines, of which TNF-alpha and IL-1beta produced by MM or accessory cells, were also able to stimulate IL-6 production by fibroblasts and show additive effects. In adhesion assays, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were able to increase the adhesion of MM cells to stromal cells. CD54 was upregulated by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or a contact with MM cells while CD106 expression was not, suggesting only a functional change of this molecule. However, the role of monoclonal antibodies, directed against these factors, confirmed the role of TNF-alpha in the IL-6 production by stromal cells, while any IL-1beta intervention was not shown in our co-culture system. IL-6 favoured and maintained adhesion of MM cells to stromal cells spontaneously since its reintroduction in the favoured co-culture system restored their decreased adhesion observed on a glutaraldehyde fixed stromal layer. Overall our data suggest a functional overlap between cytokines and adhesion molecules for the paracrine IL-6 production.     

Dose distribution in tissues

Biological effects of ionising radiation are dependent on the distribution of doses in tissue. In this article parameters influencing the distribution of dose in tissue are discussed with emphasis on intraoral and rotational panoramic radiography. For both examinations the probability to develop stochastic effects is estimated. For intraoral radiography the probability ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 per million exposures and for rotational panoramic radiography from 0.4 to 0.8 per million. For the whole Dutch population the probability to develop stochastic effects is 0-2 persons per year and 0-1 person per year respectively. Dental radiography is therefore justified if further diagnostic information is to be expected and exposure circumstances are optimal.     

Ductal exfoliated cytology in the practice of mumps]

The author used smear from Stensen's duct aspiration to observe exfoliated cytology in order to help diagnosis of early mumps.According to the smears from 100 cases of mumps and other 50 cases of bacteria parotitis and/or normal parotid as contro,the author revealed that if there are a lot of ductal epithelial cells,monocytes and polynuclear cells,monocytes and polynuclear phagocytes at same time,it could give diagnosis "Mumps" to that patient.In control group,it is unable to observe those three kind cells at same time.The author also discussed the mechanism of how would these three kind cells appear in mumps in accordance with references.     

Ischaemia induced alternans of action potential duration in the intact-heart: dependence on coronary flow, preload and cycle length

Clinical and experimental evidence relate action potential duration(APD) alternans to ischaemic heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias.The present investigation was performed to study the quantitativerelationship between APD alternans and the degree ofischaemia,loading conditions and cycle length (CL) in an intact heart. Monophasic action potentials (MAP) were simultaneously recordedby contact electrodes from two left (LV) undone right ventricular(RV) sites in 20 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. The preparationswere subjected to global ischaemia at flow rates ranging from40% of normal flow to complete cessation of flow. Pacing wasperformed at either constant or regularly changing CL. The magnitudeof APD alternans was expressed as beat-to-beat differences inaction potential duration of two consecutive MAPs. During normalper fusion, neither very fast pacing at a CL of 200 ms nor periodicalrate switches resulted in persistent APD alternans. Pacing ata constant CL of 800 ms did not induce A PD alternans at completecessation of flow for 6 min. However, alternans developed progressivelyat a constant CL of 400 ms after 2.8±0.3 min of completeischaemia at the pre-loaded LV, andafter 4.6±0.4 minat the unloaded RV (P<0.01). The reduction of preload atthe LV from 15 to 5 mmftg end-diastolic pressure delayed developmentof APD alternans from 2.8±0.3 min to 4.3±0.4 min(P < 0.05) at 400 ms CL. Following graded under per fusionof 40%, 20% and 10% of initial flow, persistent APD alternansdeveloped in relation to the degree of flow reduction and increasedprogressively with duration ofischaemia. APD alternans at theLV always preceded the onset of APD alternans at the RV. Inexperiments with identical flow rates the shortest CL of 200ms resulted in the greatest and earliest initiation of APD alternanscompared to the longer CL (P<0.01, P<0.001). An increasein CL from 400 to 800 ms immediately abolished APD alternans,generated by the shorter CL, at any time during the 6 min periodof complete ischaemia. Similarly, increasing the cycle lengthfrom 200 or 400 to 600 ms eliminated APD alternans up to 6 minof ischaemia and significantly reduced its magnitude between7 and 10 min within a few beats. We conclude that persistent APD alternans is a characteristicfinding in the rabbit heart during global ischaemia. It is asensitive parameter of the severity of ischaemia and dependson the degree and duration of ischaemia as well as on the preload.The CL appears to have an independent effect on the generationof APD alternans, which is functionally separate from the effectof CL on the ischaemic burden. An eventual impact of these observationscould be the application of APD alternans as a diagnostic toolin electrophysiological examinations of myocardial ischaemiain experimental and clinical settings.     

Regulation of pea seed pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase: Evidence for interconversion of two molecular forms as a glycolytic regulatory mechanism

Two molecular forms of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PP_i-PFK; pyrophosphate:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.90) have been found whose activity depends upon association and dissociation characteristics regulated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P₂). PP_i-PFK was purified 200-fold from cotyledons of germinating pea seeds and found to exist in two interconvertible molecular forms. The two forms of PP_i-PFK have sedimentation coefficients of 6.3 and 12.7 S during ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients and also differ both in sensitivity to the activator Fru-2,6-P₂ and in affinity for the substrate fructose 6-phosphate. The major component of enzyme activity is in the large form (12.7 S), but the small, less-active, form (6.3 S) predominates when the enzyme preparation is extracted and stored in buffer without Fru-2,6-P₂ and glycerol. Urea (1 M) or pyrophosphate (20 mM) treatment results in at least a 50% loss of activity in the glycolytic direction, whereas these treatments had much less influence on the gluconeogenic direction activity. Concomitant with the loss of glycolytic activity the enzyme dissociates into the small form. Fru-2,6-P₂ stabilizes the large form of the enzyme against the dissociating effects of pyrophosphate and prevents the inactivation in the glycolytic direction during either urea or pyrophosphate treatment. The small molecular form of the enzyme is converted into the large form in the presence of Fru-2,6-P₂. We propose that glycolytic and gluconeogenic hexose metabolism in plants includes a regulatory mechanism induced by Fru-2,6-P₂ that involves the interconversion of two molecular forms of PP_i-PFK.     

Clivus ependymoma

Summary An 8-month-old girl had an ependymoma in the clivus, 2x6 cm in size, connected with the fourth ventricle by a cord of tissue 0.5 cm thick. There were no indications to make us suspect the origin of the tumour in the fourth ventricle, or that it was a case of ependymoma.