Physiological effects of brominated flame retardants on NC/Nga mice

Purpose: Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used as an additive or reactive components in various materials. Regarding their health concerns, their immunotoxicity have not been clarified yet.

Materials and methods: In the current study, we examined the effects of systemic exposure to two types of BFRs, DE71 and DE79, on pathophysiologic traits of murine atopic dermatitis (AD). Male NC/Nga mice were repeatedly injected intraperitoneally with DE71 and DE79 and/or mite allergen (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: Dp) into their right ears. Thereafter, clinical scores, macroscopic findings of inflammatory foci, and Ig values in serum were examined.

Results: Both DEs significantly aggravated clinical scores induced by mite allergen including skin dryness and edema. Total IgE titer was significantly greater in the Dp?+?DE79 group than in the Dp group.

Conclusions: Taken together, exposure to BFRs can exacerbate AD-like skin lesions related to mite allergen in mice. The accentuating effects may be mediated, at least in part, through hyperproduction of IgE.     

Differences in the clinical course of acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Acute massive or submassive pulmonary embolism (PE) has high mortality, but the clinical course according to the location of onset (ie, in-hospital or out-of-hospital) is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study 56 consecutive patients with acute massive or submassive PE were studied retrospectively and a comparison made of the clinical characteristics, and outcomes between in-hospital onset (Group A) and out-of-hospital onset (Group B). Patients in Group A (n=28) had more frequent comorbidities with hemodynamic instability (54% vs 4%, p<0.0001) and temporary risk factors (93% vs 11%, p<0.0001), whereas patients in Group B (n=28) had a longer duration of symptoms (median: 5.5 days vs 0.5 day; p<0.0001), and had higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (63+/-17 mmHg vs 46+/-12 mmHg, p=0.0006). Although in-hospital mortality did not differ between the 2 groups, the recurrence rate was higher in Group B (23% vs 0%, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who had in-hospital onset of PE had mostly temporary risk factors, unstable hemodynamics and a lower recurrence rate compared with the cases of out-of-hospital onset. In cases of in-hospital onset, prompt diagnosis and suitable treatment is needed to prevent fatalities and cases of out-of-hospital onset should be followed carefully for recurrence.     

Clinicopathology of pancreaticobiliary maljunction: relationship between alterations in background biliary epithelium and neoplastic development

Background/Purpose

Between 1988 and 2003, 38 patients underwent biliary resection for pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM). We reviewed the histopathologic findings for the surgically resected specimens to compare the clinical and pathologic features and assess the relationship between changes in the background biliary epithelium and the development of neoplasms.

Methods

Papillary hyperplasia (PHP) seen in the biliary epithelium of patients with PBM, was classified into grades 0–III in the gallbladder and grades 0–II in the extrahepatic bile duct, according to the extent, and was assessed for links with tumors in the same specimens.

Results

The incidence of gallbladder carcinoma was 13/21 in grades I–II, versus 0/16 in grade III, while the incidence of bile duct carcinoma was 4/20 in grade I versus 0/5 in grade II. Furthermore, these incidences for patients below age 50 years and age 50 or older were 1/18 versus 12/20, and 0/14 versus 6/17, respectively.

Conclusions

PHP of the biliary epithelium in PBM patients is an important precursor lesion, especially for gallbladder cancer, and the risk becomes greater with age, regardless of the type of pancreatobiliary junction (PBJ) and its location in the biliary tract.     

Sinomenine and magnoflorine,major constituents of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma,show potent protective effects against membrane damage induced by lysophosphatidylcholine in rat erythrocytes

The effects of the water extract of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma (SCR-WE) and its major constituents, sinomenine (SIN) and magnoflorine (MAG), on moderate hemolysis induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were investigated in rat erythrocytes and compared with the anti-hemolytic effects of lidocaine (LID) and propranolol (PRO) as reference drugs. LPC caused hemolysis at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentration of LPC producing moderate hemolysis (60 %) was approximately 10 μM. SCR-WE at 1 ng/mL–100 μg/mL significantly inhibited the hemolysis induced by LPC. SIN and MAG attenuated LPC-induced hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner from very low to high concentrations (1 nM–100 μM and 10 nM–100 μM, respectively). In contrast, the inhibiting effects of LID and PRO on LPC-induced hemolysis were observed at higher concentrations (1–100 μM) but not at lower concentrations (1–100 nM). Neither SIN nor MAG affected micelle formation of LPC, nor, at concentrations of 1 nM–1 μM, did they attenuate the hemolysis induced by osmotic imbalance (hypotonic hemolysis). Similarly, SCR-WE also did not modify micelle formation or hypotonic hemolysis, except at the highest concentration. These results suggest that SIN and MAG potently protect the erythrocyte membrane from LPC-induced damage and contribute to the beneficial action of SCR-WE. The protective effects of SIN and MAG are mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance.