Effect of cordycepin on the replication of western equine encephalitis virus

Summary Cordycepin (3-deoxyadenosine) inhibited viral RNA synthesis in the replication of western equine encephalitis virus, thereby causing a reduction of virus production. The rate of inhibition of viral RNA synthesis was dependent on drug concentration and the period of treatment with the drug. These results suggest that the virus RNA synthesizing system is sensitive to the drug.With 3 Figures     

Lipopolysaccharide Induces CD25-Positive, IL-10-Producing Lymphocytes Without Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Human Colon: Low MD-2 mRNA Expression in Colonic Macrophages

Despite the huge number of colonized Gram-negative bacteria in the colon, the normal colon maintains its homeostasis without any excessive immune response. To investigate the potential mechanisms involved, human colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) obtained from uninflamed mucosa were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from Bacteroides vulgatus (BV-LPS) or Bacteroides fragilis (BF-LPS), as representatives of indigenous flora, or pathogenic Salmonella minnesota (SM-LPS). Colonic LPMCs failed to produce inflammatory cytokines in response to any type of LPS. Colonic macrophages barely expressed mRNA for MD-2, an essential association molecule for LPS signaling via Toll-like receptor 4. Further, BV-LPS induced CD25 and Foxp3 expression in lymphocytes and CD4(+)CD25(+) cells expressed IL-10 mRNA. Thus, the low expression of functioning LPS receptor molecules and induction of IL-10-producing CD4(+)CD25(+) lymphocytes by indigenous LPS may play a central role in the maintenance of colonic immunological homeostasis.     

Optimum selection of an implantable secondary battery for an artificial heart by examination of the cycle life test

An implantable secondary battery is one of the key components in a total artificial heart system. Because a 2 year cycle life is required, the cycle life of the secondary battery as well as its charge and discharge properties are important parameters for selection of an appropriate battery. We carried out cycle life tests on four kinds of rechargeable batteries (a Ni-MH secondary battery, a Ni-Cd secondary battery, a Li-ion battery with a graphite anode, and a Li-ion battery with a nongraphitizable carbon electrode) to determine their suitability as implanted back-up batteries. Each of the batteries was charge/discharge cycled at 37 degrees C to 39 degrees C using a charge current of 1 C ampere, and they were each fully discharged under either pulsatile discharge loads, which mimicked pulsatile operation, or a nonpulsatile load equivalent to the average of the pulsatile loads. The two Li-ion batteries made by different manufacturers both met the minimum requirement of cycle life of more than 1,500 cycles, considering safety coefficient regardless of the discharge pattern. In addition, the temperature increase of these Li-ion batteries (3 degrees C) was lower than that of Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries (15-25 degrees C). Out of these four batteries, the two Li-ion batteries are the most suitable for use in a totally implantable artificial heart system.     

Immunochemical analysis of two peak M proteinemia derived from structural differences of IgG Fc region

We found M-proteins with two peaks by agarose electrophoresis in the serum of a myeloma patient. The M-proteins were identified as both IgG 1-kappa type, and classified as IgG-F (fast mobility) and IgG-S (slow mobility). 1) The possibility that the two M-proteins were derived from the post translational differences of sugar moieties of the same IgG molecule was unlikely, because no migration changes were observed in IgG-F and IgG-S after the treatment with 4 different sugar enzymes. 2) Fab fractions of IgG-F and IgG-S were analyzed. After papain or pepsin digestion, western blotting with anti-Fab antiserum revealed that the Fab fraction of IgG-F and IgG-S had identical mobility by agarose electrophoresis. However the Fc fractions of IgG-F and IgG-S analyzed by the same procedures with anti-Fe antiserum, were different. 3) Anti-idiotype antiserum prepared in rabbits against IgG-S, or -F, and absorbed by normal IgG and normal human serum showed a fused precipitin line with IgG-F and IgG-S. These findings suggest that two M-proteins with both IgG 1 and kappa type, have the same VH and VL regions but have different constant regions of heavy chain. Since one copy of IgG 1 constant gene is found in each human haploid gene. It is speculated that the switching of the rearranged VDJ gene to constant region gene occurred not only between cis chromosome but also between trans chromosome.     

Sequence analysis of two serological variants, HLA-A2K and HLA-A9HH, detected in Japanese

Two rare variants of HLA-A locus antigens, tentatively called HLA-A2K and HLA-A9HH, were serologically identified in the Japanese population. A2K and A9HH showed short reaction patterns of a series of anti-A2 and anti-A9 sera, respectively. The latter variant also reacted with some anti-A2 sera. Nucleotide sequences of full-length cDNAs for A2K and A9HH were determined. The results revealed that both antigens are encoded by previously undescribed alleles. The nucleotide sequence of the allele for A2K was identical to that of A^*0207 except for a single nucleotide difference in exon 3. The nucleotide sequence of the allele for A9HH was identical to that of A^*2402 except for two nucleotides in exon 2. These two nucleotides are shared by all the reported A2 alleles. These sequencing results the allele for A9HH were consistent with the serological cross-reactivity of A9HH with some anti-A2 sera.     

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis of the right thumb

Black fungi are a group of fungi that are characterized by the development of a pale brown to black color in the cell walls of their vegetative cells, conidia, or both. A mycotic infection caused by a member of black fungi can be subdivided into three clinical entities: phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma. Phaeohyphomycosis is distinguished from mycetoma by the absence of grain (organized, interwoven mycelial aggregates) formation, and from chromoblastomycosis by the absence of sclerotic bodies (thick-walled muriform cells). Phaeohyphomycosis is a rare disease and has been sporadically reported. In the present report, phaeohyphomycosis of the right thumb of a 72-year-old man was presented. A precipitating trauma of two months earlier at the site was recalled. A solitary mass, 10 mm in diameter, was gradually formed in the palm side of the distal right thumb and finally resected. Histological examination disclosed a solitary granulomatous lesion surrounded by an incomplete fibrous capsule. The lesion mainly involved subcutaneous tissue and was composed of multiple pyogranulomas. Pigmented branched septate hyphae and yeast-like cells were sparsely found in the periphery of the abscess and within histiocytic cells of the granulomas. No sclerotic cells were detected. When pigmentation of black fungi in tissue is as faint as in the present case, Fontana-Masson staining is useful to accentuate the presence of melanin-like pigment of fungal cell walls.     

Morphometric analysis of the immunohistochemical expression of Clara cell 10-kDa protein and surfactant apoproteins A and B in the developing bronchi and bronchioles of human fetuses and neonates

 Morphometric analyses of the immunohistochemical expression of the Clara cell secretory 10-kDa protein (CC10) and surfactant apoproteins A and B (SP-A and -B) were carried out on the developing bronchi and bronchioles of human fetuses and neonates. We analysed the ratio of the number of CC10-positive cells per subepithelial length of the bronchial or bronchiolar basement membrane and found that both the bronchial and the bronchiolar population of CC10-positive cells was significantly higher than that of either SP-A or SP-B. In addition, CC10 was found to be distributed mainly in the bronchiole. CC10-positive cells began to be recognized in the late pseudoglandular phase (15 weeks of gestation) and thereafter gradually increased in the canalicular and terminal sac phases, which correspond to the active development period of the acini or peripheral airways. The earliest expression of SP-A was also noted at 15 weeks of gestation, but its positive epithelial cells were present mainly in the larger bronchi. Double immunohistochemical staining for CC10 and SP-A revealed that the CC10-positive cells lining both the bronchi and bronchioles were different from the SP-A-positive cells. This finding suggests that CC10-positive cells are functionally and developmentally heterogeneous in both fetal and neonatal lungs in humans Received: 22 May 1997 / Accepted: 21 July 1997     

Image analysis derived ploidy and proliferation indices in soft tissue sarcomas: comparison with clinical outcome.

AIMS--To compare prognostic information obtained by image analysis cytometry of paraffin wax embedded soft tissue sarcomas with conventional assessment. METHODS--A CAS 200 image analyser was used to determine DNA content of Feulgen stained cytology preparations and tissue sections and to quantify immunostaining by Ki67 and PC10 antibodies. A mitotic count in 50 high power fields was undertaken and histological grade assigned by the Trojani system. Clinical details including follow up and outcome were obtained by case note review. The Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis test, Spearman rho significance test, Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test were applied in statistical analysis. RESULTS--Ploidy status, DNA index, 2.5c exceeding rate, 5c exceeding rate, mitotic count and Trojani grade all correlated significantly with clinical outcome. The relation between Ki67 index and outcome did not reach significance. The PC10 index and outcome were not related. Only 2.5c exceeding rate, 5c exceeding rate, and mitotic count correlated significantly with Trojani grade. CONCLUSIONS--DNA content determination of soft tissue sarcomas by image analysis provides quantifiable information of benefit in prediction of outcome. Larger series are required to determine the independent value of ploidy. In this study quantification of anti-Ki67 and anti-PC10 immunostaining was not of prognostic benefit) by contrast with mitotic count and Trojani grade.