Lower-Income Predicts Increased Smartphone Use and Problematic Behaviors Among Schoolchildren During COVID-19 Related School Modification: A Longitudinal Study

BackgroundAs the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued for a couple of years, the long-term effects of the pandemic and the subsequent school curriculum modification on the mental health of children and parents need to be investigated. To clarify the changes that can occur during one school year and to predict the risk factors for vulnerable groups, this study identified parameters relative to children’s screen time, their problematic behavior, and parental depression.MethodsA total of 186 participants were analyzed who were parents of elementary schoolchildren in South Korea. These parents were required to complete a web-based questionnaire twice. The questionnaires were conducted in June 2020 and September 2021. Participants’ general demographics including family income, children’s screen time, sleep patterns, problematic behavior, and parental depression were assessed via the parental questionnaire that included various measurement tools.ResultsChildren’s body mass index (BMI) increased significantly in 2021 (18.94 ± 3.75 vs. 18.14 ± 3.30, P < 0.001). Smartphone frequency of use per week (5.35 vs. 4.54, P < 0.001) and screen time per day (3.52 vs. 3.16, P < 0.001) significantly increased during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The television screen time (2.88 vs. 3.26, P < 0.001), frequency of viewing (3.77 vs. 4.77, P < 0.001), and children’s problematic behaviors significantly decreased (9.15 vs. 11.85, P < 0.001). A lower income household was a key predictor of increased smartphone frequency (B = 1.840, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.923–2.757, P < 0.001) and smartphone screen time (B = 1.992, 95% CI, 1.458–2.525, P < 0.001). The results showed that the lower income household (B = 5.624, 95% CI, 2.927–8.320, P < 0.001) and a child’s psychiatric treatment history (B = 7.579, 95% CI, 5.666–9.492, P < 0.001) was the most significant predictor of problematic behaviors of children and parental depression (B = 3.476, 95% CI, 1.628–5.325, P < 0.001; B = 3.138, 95% CI, 1.827–4.450, P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggested that children’s smartphone screen time and BMI increased during COVID-19 because of the school curriculum modification following school closures in South Korea. The increased children’s problematic behaviors and parental depression were predicted by lower-income households and the previous psychiatric history of children. These results indicate that multiple social support systems to the vulnerable group are needed during the ongoing pandemic and that a modified school setting is required.     

Clinical Impact of Empirical Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Requiring Oxygen Therapy

Despite the low prevalence of secondary bacterial infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, most of them were administered antibiotic therapy empirically. However, the prognostic impact of empirical antibiotic therapy has not been evaluated. We conducted retrospective propensity score-matched case-control study of 233 COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe illnesses who required oxygen therapy and evaluated whether empirical antibiotic therapy could improve clinical outcomes. Empirical antibiotic therapy did not improve clinical outcomes including length of stay, days with oxygen requirement, the proportion of patients with increased oxygen demand, the proportion of patients who required mechanical ventilation, and overall mortality. This finding implies that routine administration of antibiotics for the treatment of COVID-19 is not essential and should be restricted.     

瑞舒伐他汀钙治疗中国高脂血症人群的药效动力学探索

目的：建立舒伐他汀钙治疗中国高脂血症人群的群体药效学模型,考察单位体重用药剂量和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的量效关系。方法：从已有的临床研究中,选择合适的受试者,提取其主要疗效指标（服用瑞舒伐他汀钙8周后LDL-C下降率）,及潜在的可能对LDL-C下降率有影响的指标（包括受试者所属试验、年龄、性别、体重和LDL-C基线值等）。用NONMEM软件进行模型拟合和群体药效学参数的估算。用Bootstrap法和蒙特卡洛模拟法分别对最终群体药效学模型进行验证和预测。结果：SigmoidalEmax药效学模型较好地拟合了瑞舒伐他汀钙治疗中国高脂血症人群的量效关系,所属试验、年龄、性别、体重和LDL-C基线值等因素对其无影响,最终模型的药效学参数Emax、ED50和γ分别为53.9%,0.072mg/kg和3.76,且参数的相对标准误均较小。Bootstrap法证明了最终模型具有较好的稳定性,蒙特卡洛模拟预测药效的95%可信区间包含了约50%受试者的实测药效。结论：本研究用群体分析方法建立了中国高脂血症人群应用瑞舒伐他汀钙的药效学模型,反映了约50%受试者用药后的药效学特征,说明除剂量外,影响药效因素众多,有待进一步探索。     

含三唑的抗微生物药物研究进展

含三唑的化合物是目前抗微生物药物研究开发中的热点领域之一。本文结合国内外文献简述了在抗菌、抗真菌、抗结核、抗病毒方面已经上市及正在进行临床试验的含三唑的药物,着重强调了含三唑的抗微生物药物及其构效关系的研发近况。随着研究的进一步发展,有望成功地开发出更多具有显著生物学活性的新药。     

Deoxyactein Isolated from Cimicifuga racemosa protects osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells against antimycin A‐induced cytotoxicity

Deoxyactein is one of the major constituents isolated from Cimicifuga racemosa. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of deoxyactein on antimycin A (mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor)‐induced toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. Exposure of MC3T3‐E1 cells to antimycin A caused significant cell viability loss, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, complex IV inactivation, ATP loss, intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) elevation and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with deoxyactein prior to antimycin A exposure significantly reduced antimycin A‐induced cell damage by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, complex IV inactivation, ATP loss, [Ca²⁺]_i elevation and oxidative stress. Moreover, deoxyactein increased the activation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase), Akt (protein kinase B) and CREB (cAMP‐response element‐binding protein) inhibited by antimycin A. All these data indicate that deoxyactein may reduce or prevent osteoblasts degeneration in osteoporosis or other degenerative disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高效液相色谱法测定磷酸肌酸二钠盐含量及应用

目的 :为磷酸肌酸二钠盐提供快速准确的 HPL C分析方法。方法 :C1 8柱 (4.6 mm× 2 5 0 mm,5μm)。流动相 :0 .0 8%四丁基季铵磷酸盐水溶液 (冰醋酸调至 p H 3.0 )。检测波长 :2 10 nm。结果 :磷酸肌酸二钠盐在 0 .0 342～ 0 .171mg/ ml浓度范围内 ,呈良好的线性关系 ,Y =1.386 98e- 8X +0 ,r=0 .9997,RSD =0 .4 6 % (n =5 ) ,5批样品磷酸肌酸二钠盐含量分别为 70 .31%、70 .5 6 %、70 .19%、70 .5 8%和 70 .2 2 % ,对照品精密度试验 RSD =0 .34% (n =5 ) ,样品重现性试验 RSD =0 .37% (n =5 ) ,分离度为 10 .6 9。结论 :应用本方法可快速、简便、准确测定磷酸肌酸二钠盐的含量     

南瓜子的研究进展

本文对近年来有关南瓜子的化学成分、药理作用、临床应用等方面的研究进展作一概述。其化学成分主要含有脂肪酸，植物甾醇，氨基酸，维生素和矿物质等。药理研究表明有驱除寄生虫，降低LDL胆固醇，抗炎，缓解高血压，减少膀胱和尿道张力等作用，毒性很小。临床报道用于治疗绦虫病，血吸虫病，前列腺炎，前列腺增生，改善膀胱刺激征，防止尿道结石形成等。     

光动力疗法治疗中心性渗出性脉络膜视网膜病变疗效观察

目的观察光动力疗法(PDT)治疗中心性渗出性脉络膜视网膜病变(CEC)的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾28例经眼底检查、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)及光相干断层扫描(OCT)确诊的CEC患者28只患眼PDT治疗前后的临床资料,对比分析治疗前后的视力、眼底像、FFA及OCT检查结果,统计重复治疗的次数,观察治疗的安全性。28例患者平均年龄31.5岁,就诊时最佳矫正视力0.02~0.8。28只眼共治疗38次,其中,22只眼治疗1次,3只眼治疗2次,2只眼治疗3次,1只眼治疗4次。PDT治疗后平均随访时间26个月。结果PDT治疗后末次随访时,视力提高≥2行的视力明显改善者21只眼,占75.00%;视力波动在1行以内的视力稳定者5只眼,占17.86%;视力下降≥2行的视力下降者2只眼,占7.14%。FFA检查显示:21只眼CNV完全闭合,占75.00%;3只眼CNV部分闭合,占10.71%;4只眼CNV未闭合或CNV扩大,占14.29%。有6只眼出现视网膜色素上皮损害,占21.43%。结论PDT治疗CEC对于大多数患者是安全有效的,对于小病变,可以适当减小光斑治疗;对于一次治疗效果不佳的患者,重复治疗应考虑其病因。     

羊红膻根中羊红膻素G等的分离和鉴定

目的:对羊红膻根进行降压有效成分的分离和鉴定。方法:采用柱层色谱法进行分离,光谱技术鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从其根中分得3个化合物,2(1′,2′环氧基)丙基4甲氧基苯酚(2″甲基)丁酸酯(Ⅰ),4(1丙烯基)苯酚(Ⅱ),2甲基丁酸(Ⅲ)。结论:Ⅰ为一新化合物,定名为羊红膻素G,Ⅱ,Ⅲ为首次从该植物中分离得到。