Screening for glaucoma: age and sex of referrals and confirmed cases in England and Wales

This paper is based on a prospective survey covering 275,600 sight tests by optometrists in England and Wales. It analyses the age and sex distribution of 1402 referrals for suspected glaucoma and 456 confirmed cases of the disease. The proportion of sight tests which led to a confirmed case increased with age, for both sexes, to a maximum at approximately 70 years, and then tended to decline. Cases of glaucoma in people aged 36-51 years accounted for about a tenth of the total, which is more than is generally recognized. Wider adoption of routine tonometry for middle aged people would help to ensure that these cases are detected at an early stage. Confirmed cases of glaucoma in which raised intraocular pressure had not been given as a reason for referral, i.e. probable low tension glaucomas, increased from 5% of patients < 51 years old to 13% of patients > 75 years old. Glaucoma was found to be much more common in men.     

LIMITATIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY IN THE DEFINITIVE TREATMENT OF SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE TONSILLAR FOSSA

Between 1970 and 1990, 104 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tonsil were treated. The median age was 58 years and 80% of patients were males. Distribution among clinical stages was: stage I, 19 patients; stage II, 12 patients; stage III, 23 patients; and stage IV, 48 patients. More than 70% of patients had initial radiotherapy as definitive treatment irrespective of stage, reflecting the treatment philosophy over much of this period. The overall survival rate was 26% at 5 years, with survival being significantly affected by T stage, clinical stage and age. Clinical node status did not significantly affect survival rates. Good local control of T₁N₀ cancers was achieved with radiotherapy alone, but patients with more advanced cancers did poorly. We have now moved away from a non-selective policy and use initial surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy in most patients, reserving radiotherapy alone for mainly early tonsil cancers.     

Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Facilitates Acute Rehabilitation after Laparoscopic Colectomy

Background: Intravenous infusion of lidocaine decreases postoperative pain and speeds the return of bowel function. The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that perioperative lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation protocol in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy.

Methods: Forty patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic colectomy were randomly allocated to receive intravenous lidocaine (bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine at induction of anesthesia, then a continuous infusion of 2 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1 intraoperatively and 1.33 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1 for 24 h postoperatively) or an equal volume of saline. All patients received similar intensive postoperative rehabilitation. Postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, and fatigue scores were measured. Times to first flatus, defecation, and hospital discharge were recorded. Postoperative endocrine (cortisol and catecholamines) and metabolic (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and glucose) responses were measured for 48 h. Data (presented as median [25-75% interquartile range], lidocaine vs. saline groups) were analyzed using Mann-Whitney tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Patient demographics were similar in the two groups. Times to first flatus (17 [11-24] vs. 28 [25-33] h; P < 0.001), defecation (28 [24-37] vs. 51 [41-70] h; P = 0.001), and hospital discharge (2 [2-3] vs. 3 [3-4] days; P = 0.001) were significantly shorter in patients who received lidocaine. Lidocaine significantly reduced opioid consumption (8 [5-18] vs. 22 [14-36] mg; P = 0.005) and postoperative pain and fatigue scores. In contrast, endocrine and metabolic responses were similar in the two groups.     

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Basal Cell Carcinomas

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. One of the main problems with BCC is the risk of local recurrence of the tumor after treatment. This is mainly due to its irregular outgrowths, which cannot be detected clinically. OBJECTIVE: To better understand the tumor morphology and growth pattern of BCC, we tried to develop a method that provides a precise three-dimensional model of the tumor. METHODS: Because Mohs surgery provides the best overview of the tumor and the tumor margins (both lateral and in depth), the reconstruction was based on slides from Mohs surgery. After digitization and processing of the slides, the tumor was then surrounded by a Mohs surgeon on a computer screen. These selections (lines) were used for a three-dimensional reconstruction of the tumor using MedSurf3D software. RESULTS: This method allows three-dimensional reconstruction of any given BCC. The MedSurf3D software enables visualization of a three-dimensional model of the tissue, which is removed during the surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional reconstruction is a fascinating tool that might improve our understanding of the behavior, growth pattern, and tumor morphology of BCCs. This technique might also be useful in other fields of cutaneous oncology, such as the calculation of the tumor volume of melanomas.     

Use of fluorometry in assessing the efficacy of a cation-sensitive gel as an ophthalmic vehicle: comparison with scintigraphy.

Gelrite, a heteropolysaccharide that forms a gel in the presence of cations, was tested in humans for its efficacy as an ophthalmic vehicle by a nonivasive fluorometric technique. Fluorescein was used as the tracer, and its concentration in the anterior chamber was used as the principal measure of bioavailability. The gel afforded a twofold increase in penetration of fluorescein compared with an isotonic buffer solution; this increase is slightly more than can be obtained with simple viscous vehicles. The increase in penetration caused by Gelrite was confirmed by measurements of the contact time of fluorescein in the tear film with the cornea. Earlier experiments with scintigraphy suggested a considerably greater contact time of fluorescein with the cornea when Gelrite was used. However, this increased contact time may be because the technique also measures radioactive tracer that had dried out on the lid margins. Accordingly, significant quantities of fluorescein could be eluted from the lids after the penetration experiments were completed.     

Starting from scratch

The following is a full account of a paper presented at the conference 'Think Global Act Local' held on 29 November 2002 to mark the launch by the four Health and Social Services Boards of the Children's Services Plans 2002-2005. In this paper, I provide a voluntary sector perspective on the changes in the past 3 years in the process of children's services planning, the unique contribution this planning process has to make and the challenges ahead.     

Structure-activity relationships for epidermal ornithine decarboxylase induction and skin tumor promotion by anthrones

The present study was designed to compare the skin tumor promotingand epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inducing activitiesof various structural analogs of anthralin (1, 8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone)and chrysarobin (1, 8-dihydroxy-3- methyl-9-anthrone). Groupsof 30 SENCAR mice each were initiated with 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthraceneand 2 weeks later promoted with once- or twice-weekly applicationsof various doses of these anthrone derivatives. Carbon-10 (C₁₀)-acylderivatives of anthralin were active skin tumor promoters inthe range of 25–440 nmol per mouse. 10-Acetylanthralinwas significantly more active than 10-myristoyl-anthralin atlow doses (e.g. 25 and 50 nmol per mouse) and nearly as potentas the unsubstituted compound. Higher doses ( 100 nmol per mouse)of this derivative were toxic, hence, reducing the final papillomaresponse. On a relative activity scale where anthralin is 1.0,these derivatives had activities that were 0.7 and 0.2, respectively.10, 10-Dipropylanthralin was totally inactive at the doses tested.C⁶-Substituted derivatives of chrysarobin demonstrated diversetumor promoting activities when tested in the range of 25–440nmol per mouse. On a relative activity scale where chrysarobinis 1.0, 6-methoxychrysarobin (physcion anthrone) was 0.9, whereas6-hydroxychrysarobin (emodin anthrone) had no activity. Chrysophanicacid (1, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9, 10-anthraquinone) was alsoinactive as a tumor promoter at the doses tested. In general,the tumor promoting activities of these anthrone derivativescorrelated very well with their ability to induce epidermalODC after a single topical application indicating an importantrole for this enzyme in skin tumor promotion by anthones. Theability of C₁₀-substituted derivatives of anthralin to undergobase catalyzed oxidation in vitro correlated with both ODC inducingand tumor promoting activities. In addition, copper(II) bis(diisopropylsalicylate)was found to inhibit both ODC induction and skin tumor promotionby chrysarobin. These latter data, when taken together, suggesta role for oxidation at C₁₀ in skin tumor promotion by anthronederivatives.