Relationship between self-reported upper limb disability and quantitative tests in hand-arm vibration syndrome

Purpose. To establish the relationship between quantitative tests of hand function and upper limb disability, as measured by the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, in hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS).

Method. A total of 228 individuals with HAVS were included in this study. Each had undergone a full HAVS assessment by an experienced physician, including quantitative tests of vibrotactile and thermal perception thresholds, maximal hand-grip strength (HG) and the Purdue pegboard (PP) test. Individuals were also asked to complete a DASH questionnaire.

Results. PP and HG of the quantitative tests gave the best and statistically significant individual correlations with the DASH disability score (r² = 0.168 and 0.096). Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that only PP and HG measurements were statistically significant predictors of upper limb disability (r² = 0.178). Overall a combination of the PP and HG measurements, rather than each alone, gave slightly better discrimination, although not statistically significant, between normal and abnormal DASH scores with a sensitivity of 73.1% and specificity of 64.3%.

Conclusions. Measurements of manual dexterity and hand-grip strength using PP and HG may be useful in helping to confirm lack of upper limb function and 'perceived' disability in HAVS.     

Are emergency department junior doctors becoming less experienced in performing common practical procedures?

A questionnaire was designed to measure junior doctors' experience of performing practical procedures and was distributed to all junior doctors working in our emergency department during June 2005 and June 2006. The junior doctors were subjectively less experienced in all the procedures measured in 2006 compared to 2005. There were statistically significant reductions in experience of shoulder manipulation, suturing and wound exploration. Junior doctors are becoming less experienced in performing some practical procedures.     

Detection of genetic alterations by immunoFISH analysis of whole cells extracted from routine biopsy material

The detection of genetic abnormalities (eg, translocations, amplifications) in paraffin-embedded samples by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique is usually performed on tissue sections. FISH analysis of nuclei extracted from paraffin-embedded samples is also possible, but the technique is not widely used, principally because of the extra labor involved and the loss of information on tissue architecture. In this article, we report that nuclei extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue often retain at least part of the surrounding cytoplasm. Consequently, immunocytochemical labeling for a range of cellular markers (eg, of lineage or proliferation) can be performed in combination with FISH labeling, allowing specific cell populations to be analyzed for genetic abnormalities. These cell preparations are largely free of the problems associated with tissue sections (eg, truncation artifact, signals in different focal planes) so that interpretation is easy and numerical chromosomal abnormalities are readily assessed. Cells isolated from paraffin sections can be stored in suspension so that arrays can be created as and when needed from a range of neoplasms for investigation by the immunoFISH technique (for example, for studying a new genetic abnormality). This procedure represents a novel methodology, which in some settings offers clear advantages over analysis of tissue sections.     

Differentiated human alveolar epithelial cells and reversibility of their phenotype in vitro

Cultures of differentiating fetal human type II cells have been available for many years. However, studies with differentiated adult human type II cells are limited. We used a published method for type II cell isolation and developed primary culture systems for maintenance of differentiated adult human alveolar epithelial cells for in vitro studies. Human type II cells cultured on Matrigel (basolateral access) or a mixture of Matrigel and rat tail collagen (apical access) in the presence of keratinocyte growth factor, isobutylmethylxanthine, 8-bromo-cyclicAMP, and dexamethasone (KIAD) expressed the differentiated type II cell phenotype as measured by the expression of surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-B, SP-C, and fatty acid synthase and their morphologic appearance. These cells contain lamellar inclusion bodies and have apical microvilli. In both systems the cells appear well differentiated. In the apical access system, type II cell differentiation markers initially decreased and then recovered over 6 d in culture. Lipid synthesis was also increased by the addition of KIAD. In contrast, type II cells cultured on rat tail collagen (or tissue culture plastic) slowly lose their lamellar inclusions and expression of the surfactant proteins and increase the expression of type I cell markers. The expression of the phenotypes is regulated by the culture conditions and is, in part, reversible in vitro.     

Classification of physiologically significant pumping states in an implantable rotary blood pump: patient trial results

An integral component in the development of a control strategy for implantable rotary blood pumps is the task of reliably detecting the occurrence of left ventricular collapse due to overpumping of the native heart. Using the noninvasive pump feedback signal of impeller speed, an approach to distinguish between overpumping (or ventricular collapse) and the normal pumping state has been developed. Noninvasive pump signals from 10 human pump recipients were collected, and the pumping state was categorized as either normal or suction, based on expert opinion aided by transesophageal echocardiographic images. A number of indices derived from the pump speed waveform were incorporated into a classification and regression tree model, which acted as the pumping state classifier. When validating the model on 12,990 segments of unseen data, this methodology yielded a peak sensitivity/specificity for detecting suction of 99.11%/98.76%. After performing a 10-fold cross-validation on all of the available data, a minimum estimated error of 0.53% was achieved. The results presented suggest that techniques for pumping state detection, previously investigated in preliminary in vivo studies, are applicable and sufficient for use in the clinical environment.     

A follow-up study of MPS I patients treated with laronidase enzyme replacement therapy for 6 years

Recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase (Aldurazyme, laronidase) was approved as an enzyme replacement therapy for patients with the lysosomal storage disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I). In order to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of laronidase therapy, 5 of 10 patients in the original laronidase Phase 1/2 clinical trial were re-evaluated after 6 years of treatment. Lysosomal storage was further improved at 6 years (urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) excretion decreased 76%; mean liver size at 1.84% of body weight). Shoulder maximum range of motion was maintained or further increased and reached a mean 33.2 (R) and 25.0 (L) degrees gained in flexion and 34.0 (R) and 27.3 (L) degrees gained in extension. Sleep apnea was decreased in four of five patients and the airway size index improved. Cardiac disease evaluations showed no progression to heart failure or cor pulmonale but pre-existing significant valve disease did progress in some patients. Substantial growth was observed for the pre-pubertal patients, with a gain of 33 cm (27%) in height and a gain of 31 kg in weight (105%). In general, the evaluated patients reported an improved ability to perform normal activities of daily living. Overall these data represent the first evidence that laronidase can stabilize or reverse many aspects of MPS I disease during long-term therapy and that early treatment prior to the development of substantial cardiac and skeletal disease may lead to better outcomes.