中药与日本汉方药原植物的差异比较及原因分析

依据 2000年版《中国药典》和第十四改《正日本药局方》收载植物类生药品种 ,列表比较了中药与日本汉方药原植物的差异 ,并对产生差异的现象和原因进行了分析和探讨。     

Intraoperative hemodilutional autotransfusion using a closed circuit for patients of Jehovah's Witness

We conducted hemodilutional autotransfusion using a closed circuit combined with a cell washing reinfusing system (Cell Saver) for two surgical patients of Jehovah's Witness. One was a 12 yr-old boy for extirpation of the teratoma in the anterior mediastinum and another was a 44 yr-old woman for left total hip replacement. The patients and their relatives had consented to the use of blood substitutes, hemodilutional autotransfusion using a closed circuit and Cell Saver. We devised a closed circuit system for hemodilutional autotransfusion combined with Cell Saver, in which two pumps for blood transfusion were used; one was for drawing blood from the femoral or the internal jugular vein and the other for returning blood to the peripheral vein. Blood volume in a bag interposed in the closed circuit was easily controlled by adjusting the speed of each pump. Blood collected from the surgical field by Cell Saver was also led to the bag. Acid citrate dextrose solution was infused into the closed circuit from the site close to the blood drawing. Both of our surgical patients were safely managed without homologus blood transfusion, although there remained some problems concerning the use of anticoagulants.     

Promises and pitfalls of untargeted metabolomics

Metabolomics is one of the newer omics fields, and has enabled researchers to complement genomic and protein level analysis of disease with both semi-quantitative and quantitative metabolite levels, which are the chemical mediators that constitute a given phenotype. Over more than a decade, methodologies have advanced for both targeted (quantification of specific analytes) as well as untargeted metabolomics (biomarker discovery and global metabolite profiling). Untargeted metabolomics is especially useful when there is no a priori metabolic hypothesis. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been the preferred choice for untargeted metabolomics, given the versatility in metabolite coverage and sensitivity of these instruments. Resolving and profiling many hundreds to thousands of metabolites with varying chemical properties in a biological sample presents unique challenges, or pitfalls. In this review, we address the various obstacles and corrective measures available in four major aspects associated with an untargeted metabolomics experiment: (1) experimental design, (2) pre-analytical (sample collection and preparation), (3) analytical (chromatography and detection), and (4) post-analytical (data processing).     

Dietary Therapies: Emerging Paradigms in Therapy of Drug Resistant Epilepsy in Children

About one-third of childhood epilepsy ultimately becomes drug resistant epilepsy. Only about one-third of drug resistant epilepsy is amenable for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy surgery and vagal nerve stimulation is still beyond the reach of huge proportion of children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Ketogenic diet (KD) has been in use for almost a century now all over the world for drug resistant epilepsy, although in between there was a decline in its popularity with advent of newer antiepileptic drugs like valproate, phenytoin and carbamazepine. Again from 1990s there was resurgence of interest in KD for pharmacoresistant epilepsy and in the last two decades several randomized controlled trials and systemic reviews have proved its efficacy beyond any suspicion. Ketogenic diet is a high fat low carbohydrate and low protein diet, which has been found to reduce epileptogenesis in body most probably by production of ketone bodies. Modified Atkin’s Diet (MAD) first introduced in 2003 and Low Glycemic Index Treatment (LGIT) first introduced in 2005 are another two dietary therapies, which are less restrictive, more palatable with fewer adverse effects and comparable efficacy. MAD is also a high fat, low carbohydrate diet, in which high sugar foods are discouraged and protein and fluids are unrestricted. In LGIT, only carbohydrates with Glycemic Index <50 are allowed and carbohydrate intake is restricted to 40–60 g per day. Medium Chain Triglyceride KD (MCT KD) is another alternative, in which there are more food choices as compared to classic KD, with comparable efficacy.     

Financial incentives,timing of births,and infant health: a closer look into the delivery room

As a result of strong financial incentives created by the German parental leave reform on January 1, 2007, some 1000 births have been shifted from the last days of 2006 to the first days of 2007, especially by working mothers. This fact is already described in the literature, yet there is no evidence as to the mechanisms and only scarce evidence regarding the effects on newborn health. I use new data to study the timing of C-sections and the induction of births around the day the reform took effect. I estimate that postponed C-sections and inductions account for nearly 80 % of the pre-reform shortfall and nearly 90 % of the post-reform excess number of births. Despite concerns voiced by doctors before the reform, hardly any evidence can be found for detrimental health effects of those shifts, as measured by changes in gestational age, birth weight, APGAR scores, neonatal mortality, or hospitalization.     

Expression and Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Human Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons with Special Focus on Nav1.7, Species Differences,and Regulation by Paclitaxel

Voltage-gated sodium channels(Navs) play an important role in human pain sensation. However, the expression and role of Nav subtypes in native human sensory neurons are unclear. To address this issue, we obtained human dorsal root ganglion(hDRG) tissues from healthy donors. PCR analysis of seven DRG-expressed Nav subtypes revealed that the hDRG has higher expression of Nav1.7(~50% of total Nav expression) and lower expression of Nav1.8(~12%), whereas the mouse DRG has higher expression of Nav1.8(~45%) and lower expression of Nav1.7(~18%). To mimic Nav regulation in chronic pain, we treated hDRG neurons in primary cultures with paclitaxel(0.1-1 μmol/L) for 24 h. Paclitaxel increased the Nav 1.7 but not Nav1.8 expression and also increased the transient Na~+ currents and action potential firing frequency in small-diameter(50 μm) hDRG neurons. Thus, the hDRG provides a translational model in which to study"human pain in a dish" and test new pain therapeutics.