Genetic alteration in carcinoid tumors of the lung.

Surgically resected specimens of 13 carcinoid tumors of the lung including nine typical carcinoids and four atypical carcinoids, and eight salivary gland type carcinomas (six mucoepidermoid carcinomas and two adenoid cystic carcinomas) were analyzed regarding p53 expression, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosome 3p, 9p, and K-ras mutation. The overexpression of p53 was identified in four atypical carcinoid tumors, one mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and one adenoid cystic carcinoma, however, none of typical carcinoids showed p53 immunoreactivity. LOH in 3p14 was demonstrated in three of seven informative cases in all tumors. LOH in 9p was demonstrated in two of five informative cases in all tumors. Two of three cases with LOH at 3p14 had a poor prognosis, one of which also had LOH at 9p. No mutation of the K-ras gene was observed in any of these tumors. These data thus indicate that p53 overexpression might distinguish atypical carcinoid tumors from typical tumors and might therefore be useful as an adjunct modality in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoid tumors. The presence of LOH at 3p14 or 9p may thus help to identify lung cancer patients with a poor prognosis.     

Neutrophil elastase inhibitor reduces hepatic metastases induced by ischaemia-reperfusion in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility in rats that ONO-5046 Na, a new recombinant inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, can reduce hepatic metastases induced by ischaemia-reperfusion. DESIGN: Laboratory experimental study. SETTING: Research laboratory, Japan. SUBJECTS: Male Fischer rats. INTERVENTIONS: Rats underwent 60 min of 70% partial hepatic ischaemia, after which rat colon adenocarcinoma cells (RCN-H4) were injected into the spleen. The animals were divided into two test groups and a control group. One group was given ONO-5046 Na intravenously at 10 mg/kg/hour. A second group was given a saline solution for the same period, while the controls were not made ischaemic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three weeks after inoculation, the number of tumour nodules on the liver surface was counted. The anti-cancer effect of ONO-5046 Na was measured by monotetrazolium assay. RESULTS: Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion increased the number of liver metastases of RCN-H4 in both clamped and unclamped hepatic lobes. ONO-5046 Na significantly inhibited this in unclamped lobes, but had no anti-cancer effect. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil elastase may have an important role in increasing haematogenous liver metastases by ischaemia-reperfusion, particularly in unclamped lobes.     

Evaluation of anorectal functions of children with anorectal malformations using fecoflowmetry

Background/Purpose: A simple and objective method evaluating the bowel functions of patients with anorectal anomalies is necessary. The authors applied fecoflowmetry and saline enama test for patients with anorectal anomalies to evaluate the fecodynamics and anorectal motilities in these children. Methods: The bowel functions of 16 patients who underwent repair for anorectal malformations and 5 normal controls were evaluated by saline enema test and fecoflowmetry. The correlations between the clinical scores for the bowel functions and the parameters in fecodynamic studies were investigated. Results: Seven of 16 patients exhibited periodical contractions of the rectum synchronized with relaxations of the anal canal during saline infusion as did the controls and had significantly higher clinical scores than the other patients. Two patients with severe chronic constipation lacked rectal contractions. Among the fecoflowmetric parameters, the maximum flow, average flow, and tolerable volume of saline infused into the rectum were significantly lower in the patients with low clinical scores than those of the controls. The maximal squeeze pressure and resting anal pressure were not significantly different between the patients and controls. Conclusion: Fecodynamic studies, such as fecoflowmetry and saline enema test, help in obtaining clinical indicators for the bowel functions of patients with anorectal anomalies.     

A case of petrotentorial meningioma presented as an acute subdural hemorrhage

The authors report a rare case of petrotentorial meningioma presenting as acute subdural hematoma. A 60-year-old female was introduced to our hospital complaining of sudden headache and gait disturbance. CT and MRI demonstrated a petrotentorial tumor with a subdural hematoma in the posterior fossa. The tumor was enhanced intensively on MRI and showed the dural tail sign. The patient developed progressive impairment of consciousness along with hydrocephalus. After ventricular drainage, emergency intracranial decompression through hematoma evacuation and partial tumor resection was performed. One month later, she improved clinically and the tumor resected totally in the second craniotomy. Histological examination showed a meningothelial meningioma with high vascularity in part. She recovered uneventfully and was discharged on foot. We discussed the etiology of an acute subdural hematoma caused by intratumoral hemorrhage and reviewed past literatures.     

Are predictive models for cancer volume clinically useful in localized prostate cancer?

Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between preoperatively predicted and pathologically measured prostate cancer volumes and to investigate the clinical use of preoperatively predicted cancer volume in predicting pathological stage. Methods: Correlations between pathological findings and various preoperative parameters, including the cancer volumes as predicted by using two methods (Vca and estimated PCvol), were analyzed in 196 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Results: Pathologically measured prostate cancer volume was significantly correlated with the Vca and estimated PCvol, but the correlation coefficients were respectively only 0.46 and 0.35. Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), PSA density (PSAD), primary Gleason score, Vca, Vca fraction (Vcafx), and estimated PCvol were significantly higher in 82 patients with extraprostatic cancer than in 114 patients with organ‐confined cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were significantly correlated with pathological stage. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the Vcafx and MRI findings were significant predictors of extraprostatic cancer, but receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the combination of Vcafx and MRI findings had no advantage over the combination of Gleason score, PSAD, and MRI findings. Conclusions: Vca and estimated PCvol are significantly correlated with the pathologically measured cancer volume but their ability to accurately predict cancer volume is limited. Vcafx and MRI findings were statistically significant predictors of extraprostatic cancer but their combination was not superior to the combination of Gleason score, PSAD, and MRI findings.     

Risk factors of liver dysfunction after extended hepatic resection in biliary tract malignancies

Background

Postoperative hepatic insufficiency is a critical complication after extended hepatic resection in patients with biliary tract malignancies, the majority of whom suffer from obstructive jaundice. The aim of this study was to assess clinical parameters linked to this type of liver dysfunction.

Methods

A total of 111 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patient background, pre- and intraoperative parameters, and a ratio of remnant liver volume/entire liver volume (RLV/ELV) as a volumetric parameter were compared between patients with and without postoperative hyperbilirubinemia and subsequent fatal outcome.

Results

Logistic regression indicated that only RLV/ELV ratio was an independent factor influencing postoperative hyperbilirubinemia, and RLV/ELV ratio and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG-R15) were factors affecting survival. Patients with RLV/ELV less than 40% had 7.6 times the risk of postoperative hyperbilirubinemia, while no patients with RLV/ELV greater than 40% and ICG-R15 less than 25% died of liver failure.

Conclusions

The RLV/ELV ratio was the factor with the greatest impact on liver dysfunction after extended hepatectomy in patients with biliary tract malignancies.     

Postoperative management using intensive patient-controlled epidural analgesia and early rehabilitation after an esophagectomy

Purpose  Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) was developed for use after surgery for thoracic esophageal cancer to relieve wound pain, introduce early rehabilitation, and provide an uneventful postoperative recovery. Methods  This retrospective study investigated 22 patients who underwent esophageal surgery to determine the efficacy of postoperative management with PCEA. In the PCEA group (n = 12), patients had two epidural catheters inserted to cover both the thoracic and abdominal incision with a patient-controlled bolus capability. Results  Postoperative mechanical ventilation was administered in all cases in the control group (n = 10). On the other hand, this was only necessary in two patients in the PCEA group. The amount of time the patients stayed in the intensive care unit and the hospital was significantly shorter in the PCEA group than in the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Respiratory complications occurred in four patients in the control group, and none in the PCEA group. The mean number of supplemental analgesics administered for breakthrough pain until the 7th postoperative day was 5.5 in the control group, and 1.3 in the PCEA group (P < 0.001). Conclusions  Early rehabilitation is facilitated with intensive PCEA, while it also improves postoperative management and reduces hospitalization after esophageal surgery.     

CD133 Expression at the Metastatic Site Predicts Patients’ Outcome in Colorectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastasis

Background

CD133 is a transmembrane protein that is proposed to be a stem cell marker of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the correlation between CD133 expression and survival of CRC patients with liver metastasis has not been fully examined.

Methods

CD133 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically, both in primary tumors and synchronous liver metastases of 88 consecutive CRC patients, as well as recurrent lesions in the remnant liver of 27 of these 88 patients. The relationship between CD133 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival (OS) was analyzed.

Results

CD133 expression in liver metastases (mCD133) was detected in 50 of 88 patients (56.8 %), and had significant correlation with CD133 expression in primary lesions (pCD133) (p < 0.001). CD133 expression in liver recurrent lesions (recCD133) also had a significant correlation with mCD133 (p < 0.001). mCD133+ patients had significantly longer disease-free survival (p = 0.043) and OS (p = 0.014) than mCD133? patients. In addition, mCD133+ patients had a significantly lower rate of extrahepatic recurrence (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients without CD133 expression in liver metastasis had significantly shorter survival, perhaps because mCD133? patients had a significantly higher rate of extrahepatic recurrence.

     

Inspection of Safety and Accuracy of D2 Lymph Node Dissection in Laparoscopy-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy

Background  There is a consensus on the indication of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) for early gastric cancer that needs D1 + α or D1 + β lymph node dissection. However, many gastrointestinal surgeons consider D2 lymph node dissection in LADG to be difficult, therefore, only a few medical institutions have performed D2 lymph node dissection in LADG. We examined the safety and accuracy of D2 dissection in LADG by comparing with open distal gastrectomy (ODG), as the first step to operate on advanced gastric cancer. Methods  The study population comprised 53 and 67 patients who underwent D2 dissection in LADG or ODG, respectively; with the diagnosis of preoperative depth grade SM, between 2004 and 2006. In D2 lymph node dissection, difficult points are dissections of lymph node along the superior mesenteric vein (No. 14v), along the hepatic artery (No. 12a), and along the proximal splenic artery (No. 11p). We performed these lymph nodes dissection in a fixed process, which was achieved through all improvements. Results  No significant difference was observed in age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, body mass index (BMI), and operative time between two groups. Bleeding volume was significantly lower in LADG (96.5 ± 126.3 ml) than in ODG (221.9 ± 174.8 ml). There was no significant difference in number of dissected lymph nodes between ODG (44.8 ± 15.6) and LADG (49.2 ± 16.1), with no significant difference in degree of pathological stage. The postoperative complication rate was 16.4% for ODG and 5.7% for LADG, and postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter for LADG (16.7 ± 5.6 days) than for ODG (21 ± 11.4 days). Conclusions  D2 dissection in LADG can be performed without problems with safety and accuracy, if the surgical team is skilled in the procedures of LADG.