Hypoosmolare Hyponatri?mie als Leitsymptom bei Hypothyreose

Zusammenfassung Anamnese und Diagnostik: Ein 75-jähriger Patient wies neben unspezifischen anamnestischen Symptomen (Appetitverlust, Merkfähigkeitsstörung und Muskelschwäche) klinisch diskrete Beinödeme, abgeschwächte Muskeleigenreflexe und eine deutliche Gedächtnisstörung auf. Aufgrund einer euvolämischen, laborchemisch hypoosmolaren Hypoatriämie und eines Urinnatriums im Normbereich wurde als Arbeitsdiagnose von einem Syndrom der inadäquaten ADH-Sekretion (SIADH) ausgegangen. Während sich weder in der Anamnese noch in den folgenden Untersuchungen eine dem SIADH zugrunde liegende Pathologie eruieren ließ, ergab sich in den weiteren Laboruntersuchungen der Befund einer ausgeprägten Hypothyreose. Die Hyponatriämie bei Hypothyreose spiegelt eine Komponente der renalen Funktionsstörung bei Schilddrüsenhormonmangel wider. Therapie und Verlauf: Nach Flüssigkeitsrestriktion und Hormonsubstitution erreichte der Patient schnell normale Natriumwerte und zeigte eine deutliche Besserung seiner kognitiven Fähigkeiten. Schlussfolgerung: Als Schlussfolgerung aus dieser Kasuistik wird Zurückhaltung bei der Diagnose eines SIADH empfohlen, bevor nicht eine sorgfältige Untersuchung des Nebennieren- und Schilddrüsenhormonstatus erfolgt ist. Abstract Case History and Diagnosis: A 75-year-old male patient presented with a history of anorexia, muscle weakness, and increasing memory loss. He had mild pedal edema and decreased deep tendon reflexes. As the laboratory tests showed hypoosmolar hyponatremia and urinary sodium within the normal range, a syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) was presumed. While neither the medical history nor any of the diagnostic procedures revealed any underlying pathology explaining the SIADH, laboratory tests showed significant hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid states are associated with significant changes in renal function, one of which is hypoosmolar hyponatremia. Treatment and Course: Treatment included fluid restriction and hormone substitution and resulted in a quick correction of the hyponatremia and a clear improvement of the patient's cognitive function. Conclusion: It is concluded that the diagnosis of SIADH should only be made after thorough investigation of the adrenal and thyroid hormone status.     

Neuquen,Argentina: Provincial Health Policies and Their Results*

ABSTRACT: A case study of the creation and implementation of a four-tier, integrated system of health care services in a sparsely populated, rural province in Argentina is described and discussed. Begun in 1970 in a diverse geographical area with a tradition of poor health status and inadequate health care resources, the provincial government set out to develop the human, physical and technological resources needed to provide a system of preventive and curative services appropriate to the health care needs of its residents. Innovative programs included training in management techniques, and epidemiological perspective of high risk, an emphasis on personnel development through a rural general medicine residency and an expanded nursing program as well as programs to attack infectious diseases, poor sanitation and dental problems were all developed in response to the distinctive features of the physical and social environment of the province. Improvements in traditional health indicators are reviewed and attributed to the program and administrative structures that were developed.     

Use of ultrasound to assess healing of a mandibular distraction wound.

PURPOSE: A standardized, noninvasive technique to assess healing of the mandibular distraction wound is not available. Current methods include clinical examination, plain radiography, and computed tomography. These imaging techniques are expensive and obligate the patient to serial radiation exposure. In addition, anatomic overlap and metal artifacts may obscure the distraction gap. In contrast, ultrasound has been shown to be a noninvasive, efficient, and inexpensive way to evaluate bone healing. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of ultrasound to evaluate an experimental mandibular distraction osteogenesis wound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Distraction devices were placed via a submandibular incision into 24 minipigs. The protocol consisted of 0-day latency and distraction rates of 1, 2, or 4 mm/d for a 12-mm gap. The wounds were assessed in vivo after 0, 8, 16, and 24 days of neutral fixation. Ex vivo radiographs were used to estimate bone fill using a semiquantitative score. A semiquantitative ultrasound score was assigned, and the beam penetration depth was measured in millimeters. RESULTS: In all groups, clinical stability of the distraction wound increased with the duration of fixation. Plain radiographs, taken during neutral fixation, showed that the desired distraction gap was achieved and maintained. The ultrasound score increased with fixation time, whereas beam penetration depth decreased as expected. Ex vivo radiographs showed increasing bone fill score with time and paralleled the ultrasound score. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this feasibility study indicate that ultrasound is potentially useful for the assessment of bone formation in distraction osteogenesis wounds.     

Two novel mutations at exon 8 of the Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) gene in an Italian series of patients affected by Paget's disease of bone (PDB).

PDB is genetically heterogeneous. Mutations of the sequestosome1 gene have been reported in sporadic and familial forms of Paget's in patients of French Canadian and British descent. Mutational analyses in different ethnic groups are needed to accurately investigate hereditary diseases. We describe two novel mutations of sequestosome1 in 62 Italian sporadic patients, confirming the role of the encoded protein in this disorder. INTRODUCTION: Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is a relatively common disease of bone metabolism reported to affect up to 3% of whites over 55 years of age. The disorder is genetically heterogeneous, and at present, there is scientific evidence that at least eight different human chromosomal loci are correlated with its pathogenesis. Mutations of the sequestosome1 (SQSTM1) gene were identified as responsible for most of the sporadic and familial forms of Paget in patients of French Canadian and British descent. Such mutations were located at exon 7 and 8 levels, encoding for the ubiquitin protein-binding domain (UBA) and representing a mutational hot spot area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To verify the involvement of this gene in Italian subjects affected by PDB, we performed mutational analysis in 62 sporadic PDB cases. RESULTS: We described three different mutations at exon 8 level: P392L, already described in the French Canadian population and families predominantly of British descendent, and two novel mutations consisting of the amino acid substitutions M404V and G425R. No significant differences in the clinical history of PDB have been observed in patients with SQSTM1 mutations in respect to those without. CONCLUSIONS: Even though our findings suggest a minor involvement of the SQSTM1 gene in the pathogenesis of sporadic Italian Paget's cases, the identification of different significant mutations within the SQSTM1 gene in unrelated, but clinically similar individuals, offers extremely convincing evidence for a causal relationship between this gene and PDB. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the penetrance of genotype/phenotype correlations. Our findings confirm the evidence of a clustered mutation area at this level in this disorder.     

Carvedilol protects ischemic cardiac mitochondria by preventing oxidative stress.

Ischemia negatively affects mitochondrial function by inducing the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). The MPT is triggered by oxidative stress, which occurs in mitochondria during ischemia as a result of diminished antioxidant defenses and increased reactive oxygen species production. It causes mitochondrial dysfunction and can ultimately lead to cell death. Therefore, drugs able to minimize mitochondrial damage induced by ischemia may prove to be clinically effective. We analyzed the effect of carvedilol, a beta-blocker with antioxidant properties, on mitochondrial dysfunction. Carvedilol decreased levels of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), an indicator of oxidative stress, which is consistent with its antioxidant properties. Regarding cell death by apoptosis, although ischemia did increase caspase-8-like activity, there were no changes in caspase-3-like activity, which is activated downstream of caspase-8; this may indicate that the apoptotic cascade is not activated by 60 minutes of ischemia. We conclude that carvedilol protects ischemic mitochondria by preventing oxidative mitochondrial damage, and, by so doing, it may also inhibit the formation of the MPT pore.     

An unusual association with Raynaud's phenomenon

A 36-yr-old lady with a year of typical Raynaud's and polyarthralgiahad a normal examination other than cold peripheries and bloodpressure of     

Age-related changes in the turnover rates of D1-dopamine receptors in the retina and in distinct areas of the rat brain

The steady-state density and the turnover rates of D₁-dopamine receptors were investigated in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, and retina of adult (3-month-old) and aged (23-month-old) rats. The turnover rates were measured by monitoring the repopulation kinetics of D₁-dopamine receptors labeled with [³H]-SCH 23390 after the irreversible inactivation induced by a single dose of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ, 10 mg/kg, s.c.). In all the neural tissues examined, the repopulation of D₁ dopamine receptors could be adequately described by a theoretical model that assumes a constant rate of receptor production (i.e. zero order) and a rate of degradation that is dependent on the receptor density at any time (i.e. first order). The results obtained indicate that the reduction in the density of D₁-dopamine receptors in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra of aged rats is the result of a larger decrease in the receptor production rate (−44 to −60%) than in the receptor degradation rate (−21 to −46%). By contrast, the production rate of D₁-dopamine receptors in the retina of aged rats remains unchanged, whilst the degradation rate is reduced by 25%. This results in an age-related increase in the density of D₁-dopamine receptors in the rat retina.