Elective laparoscopic splenectomy and thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis: a prospective study with ecocolordoppler ultrasound

Thrombosis of the portal system is a potentially life-threatening but otherwise underappreciated complication after splenectomy. Nonspecific and mild onset symptoms are the cause of delay in diagnosis, and the short hospital stay after laparoscopic approach could even contribute to the difficulty of early detection of this condition. The aim of this study was to verify if planned imaging controls are able to discover this complication leading to a prompt treatment. Thirty-eight patients (19 males and 19 females with a mean age of 24 years) who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy at our institution were studied to identify clinical signs of thrombosis of the portal venous system and eventually associated factors. All the patients were enrolled in a protocol of imaging surveillance using a doppler ultrasound method. Postoperative thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis occurred in 7 patients (18.9%) of the series. In 3 cases (8.1%) the thrombus extended from the splenic vein to occlude the portal axis. The complication was symptomatic in 4 cases (10.8%), whereas in 3 cases, the thrombosis was an ultrasonographic surprise in totally asymptomatic patients. Thrombosis occurred even as late as 2 months after splenectomy. Splenomegaly was the only significant factor predictive of thrombosis. Only those patients who had an early detection of portal or splenic vein thrombosis had a recanalization of the veins with anticoagulant therapy.Patients with splenomegaly who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy are at risk of thrombosis of the portal system and should undergo strict imaging surveillance and aggressive anticoagulation therapy.     

Conventional colonoscopy versus chromoendoscopy and magnifying endoscopy for the diagnosis of colorectal lesions: a comparative prospective study in 995 patients

Early endoscopic diagnosis of colorectal cancers is the best tool for the reduction of colorectal cancer mortality, but conventional colonoscopy seems unable to detect minor changes in the colorectal mucosa. The authors compare the results of conventional colonoscopy and chromoendoscopy plus magnifying endoscopy for the detection of colorectal lesions. This prospective study evaluated 995 consecutive selected patients. All patients with a previous diagnosis of colorectal polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, history of colorectal surgery, high coagulative risk or poor bowel preparation were excluded from the study. All examinations were performed by a single endoscopist. The authors compared the results of conventional endoscopy and chromoendoscopy with a 0.4% indigo carmine solution and magnifying endoscopy. At the end of each examination, data from ordinary and dye-spraying views were carefully recorded. A total of 202 protruding, 99 flat and 5 depressed lesions were detected. The incidence of high-grade dysplasia and early carcinoma was 9.9% for protruding lesions, 13.1% for flat lesions and 60% for depressed lesions. Chromoendoscopy revealed new neoplastic patterns not detectable at conventional endoscopy in 127 patients. This prospective study shows the high accuracy rate of chromoendoscopy for the detection of non-polypoid lesions. Chromoendoscopy could be used as a routine procedure in order to enhance the early diagnosis of colorectal cancers.     

Endovascular treatment of a post-traumatic tibial pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula: case report and review of the literature

Here we report a rare case of a 74-year-old man with a pseudoaneurysm of the anterior tibial artery and a concomitant arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The patient was admitted because of increasing pain following the formation of a large mass located in the anterior mid-portion of the calf after a moderate non-penetrating blunt trauma. A polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent was placed over the origin of the pseudoaneurysm, with complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm and disappearance of the AVF. One year after the procedure the mass had completely disappeared and the vascular anatomy of the calf is well preserved.     

Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy Significantly Reduces the Risk of Early Postthyroidectomy Voice and Swallowing Symptoms

Background Voice and swallowing symptoms are frequently reported after thyroidectomy even in absence of objective voice alterations. We evaluated the influence of the video-assisted approach on voice and swallowing outcome of thyroidectomy. Methods Sixty-five patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (TT) were recruited. Eligibility criteria were: nodule size ≤30 mm, thyroid volume ≤30 ml, no previous neck surgery. Exclusion criteria were: younger than aged 18 years and older than aged 75 years, vocal fold paralysis, history of voice, laryngeal or pulmonary diseases, malignancy other than papillary thyroid carcinoma. Patients were randomized for video-assisted (VAT) or conventional (CT) thyroidectomy. Videostrobolaryngoscopy (VSL), acoustic voice analysis (AVA), and maximum phonation time (MPT) evaluation were performed preoperatively and 3 months after TT. Subjective evaluation of voice (voice impairment score = VIS) and swallowing (swallowing impairment score = SIS) were obtained preoperatively, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after TT. Results Fifty-three patients completed the postoperative evaluation: 29 in the VAT group, and 24 in the CT group. No laryngeal nerves injury was shown at postoperative VSL. Mean postoperative MPT, F ₀, F _low, F _high, and the number of semitones were significantly reduced in the CT group but not in the VAT group. Mean VIS 3 months after surgery was significantly higher than preoperatively in CT group but not in the VAT group. Mean SIS was significantly decreased 1 and 3 months after VAT but not after CT. Conclusions The incidence and the severity of early voice and swallowing postthyroidectomy symptoms are significantly reduced in patients who undergo VAT compared with conventional surgery. Presented at the ISW2007—IAES free paper session, Montreal, Canada, August 26–30, 2007.     

Liver Resection with Portal Vein Thrombectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Vascular Invasion

Introduction  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tends to invade the intrahepatic vasculature, especially the portal vein.1 The presence of portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) in patients with HCC is one of the most significant factors for a poor prognosis.2 ^– 5 The presence of macroscopic PVTT in patients with HCC is also a significant factor for poor prognosis, with a median survival of <3 months without treatment.1 In surgically resected series, in patients with gross PVTT (PVTT in the portal trunk, its first-order branch, or its second-order branch), the 3-year and 5-year survival rates are reportedly 15% to 28% and 0% to 17%, respectively.2 ^– 5 Methods  The patient was a 77-year-old woman with well-compensated hepatitis C virus–related cirrhosis (stage A6 according to Child-Pugh classification) who sought care at our department for vague abdominal discomfort. Triphasic spiral computed tomographic scan confirmed HCC 6 cm in diameter in the left lobe of the liver. In addition, portal vein tumor thrombosis of the left branch that extended to the right portal vein was present. Results  The procedure included left hepatectomy and en-bloc portal vein thrombectomy with clamping of both the common portal vein trunk and the right portal vein. The portal vein was incised at the bifurcation of the right and left portal veins, and the thrombus was extracted from the incision in the portal vein. With this procedure, we were able to examine under direct vision the exact extent of the portal vein thrombus, and we identified whether the tumor thrombus was adherent to the venous wall or was freely floating in the venous lumen. Portal clamping and length of operation were 16 and 330 minutes, respectively. Intraoperative blood loss was 550 mL. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 6, and she was free of disease at 15 months after surgery. Discussion  Liver resection should be considered a valid therapeutic option for HCC with PVTT. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary video material, which is available to authorized users. Presented to Annual Meeting of the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (AHPBA), Miami, Florida, USA, March 9-12, 2006.     

Primary therapy with ECF in combination with a GnRH analog in premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive T2-T4 breast cancer

Patients with hormone receptor-positive tumors less often show a pathological complete response (pCR) than do those with hormone receptor-negative tumors. The addition of endocrine therapies may improve the clinical benefits of primary therapies in these patients. We investigated the efficacy of the epirubicin+cisplatin+fluorouracil (ECF) as continuous infusion) regimen in association with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog in 36 premenopausal women with T2-T4a-d N0-2 M0 ER and/or PgR-positive breast cancer. Median age was 39.5 years (range 26-53). Clinical response (complete or partial) was observed in 27 out of 36 patients (75% 95% CI 57.8-87.9%) and a pCR was observed in four patients (11%). Nine (25%) patients had stable disease and no progression was observed. Twenty-one patients (58%) were submitted for breast-conserving surgery and 15 had a radical mastectomy. No baseline clinical and biological characteristics significantly correlated with response. Thirty out of 31 patients evaluable for endocrine assessment had documented ovarian suppression, which occurred after a median of 28 days (range 20-43). We conclude that the combination of ECF and a GnRH analog is associated with a high response rate in the primary treatment of breast cancer. Further studies combining chemotherapy and endocrine agents are warranted in patients with hormone receptor-positive tumors.     

Side-to-side esophagojejunostomy during totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy for malignant disease: a multicenter study

Background  

Esophagojejunostomy (EJS) represents the most difficult steps during totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy (TLTG). Over the past few years, several techniques have been developed. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and surgical outcomes of the laparoscopic intracorporeal side-to-side EJS during TLTG used to treat malignant disease of the stomach.     

Analysis of risk factors for tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: key role of immunosuppression.

To confirm recent observations about the relationship between immunosuppression and the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT), we retrospectively analyzed 70 consecutive HCC patients who underwent LT and received cyclosporine (CsA)-based immunosuppression. CsA trough blood levels, measured with the same technique (fluorescence polarization immunoassay), were analyzed at different time points after transplantation. The exposure to the drug was calculated with the trapezoidal rule in each patient. CsA was associated with steroids in 26 patients and steroids and azathioprine in 44 patients. HCC recurred in 7 patients (10.0%). Different immunosuppressive schedules (CsA and steroids vs. CsA, steroids, and azathioprine) or the cumulative dosage of steroids and azathioprine did not influence HCC recurrence that was associated instead with CsA exposure (278.3 +/- 86.4 ng/mL in recurrent vs. 169.9 +/- 33.3 in tumor-free patients; P < 0.001); CsA exposure above 189.6 ng/mL was related to HCC recurrence at the receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). The relationship between CsA exposure; various clinical (sex, age, viral- vs. non-viral-related cirrhosis, preoperative vs. incidental diagnosis of HCC, alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] blood level), pathologic (pathologic tumor staging [pT] stage, presence of Milan criteria), and histologic (grading, presence of microvascular tumor invasion) parameters; and tumor recurrence were assessed. AFP (P = 0.032), microvascular tumor invasion (P = 0.044), and CsA exposure (P < 0.001) influenced recurrence-free survival at the univariate analysis; CsA exposure was the only independent prognostic determinant at multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). High CsA exposure favors tumor recurrence; CsA blood levels should be kept to the effective minimum in HCC patients. In the presence of pathologic and histologic risk factors, specific immunosuppressive protocols should be considered.     

Nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem?

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the risks and benefits of nipple-sparing mastectomy in a multiinstitutional experience in the settings of risk-reducing surgery and breast cancer treatment. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data on 123 patients who had undergone nipple-sparing mastectomy with breast reconstruction for prophylaxis (n=55), treatment of breast cancer (n=41), or both (n=27) at four large centers. RESULTS: Median patient age was 45 years (range 22 to 70 years). There were 192 procedures (69 bilateral, 54 unilateral). Forty-four patients had invasive cancer; 20 had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); 4 had phyllodes tumor. In all of these patients, the nipple tissue was cancer free on pathologic review. Median followup was 24.6 months (range 2.0 to 570.4 months). Local recurrence developed in two patients: one had DCIS in the upper-outer quadrant, with 71.8 months of followup; the other's cancer was invasive, in the upper-outer quadrant, with 6 months of followup. Distant metastasis developed in a third patient, who died 50 months after the procedure. Breast cancer developed in two patients after prophylactic mastectomy: one in the upper-outer quadrant at 61.8 months; one in the axillary tail at 24.4 months. No patients had recurrences in the nipple-areolar complex. Necrosis of the nipple was reported in 22 of 192 patients (11%) and it was judged minimal (less than one-third total skin of nipple) in 13 of 22 patients (59%). Overall cosmesis was judged by the patient and surgeon as good to excellent in the majority of patients. Level of satisfaction with cosmetic results was similar between prophylactic and treatment patients. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of local relapse was very low in our series of nipple-sparing mastectomies performed for DCIS or invasive cancer. Nipple-sparing mastectomy in the risk-reducing and breast cancer-treatment settings may be feasible in selected patients and should be the subject of additional prospective clinical trials.