Educating African American men about the prostate cancer screening dilemma: a randomized intervention.

BACKGROUND: Until there is a definitive demonstration that early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer reduces disease-related mortality, it is imperative to promote informed screening decisions by providing balanced information about the potential benefits and risks of prostate cancer screening. Within a community/academic collaboration, we conducted a randomized trial of a printed booklet and a videotape that were designed for African American (AA) men. The purpose of the trial was to determine the effect of the interventions on knowledge, decisional conflict, satisfaction with the screening decision, and self-reported screening. METHODS: Participants were 238 AA men, ages 40 to 70 years, who were members of the Prince Hall Masons in Washington, DC. Men were randomly assigned to the (a) video-based information study arm, (b) print-based information study arm, or (c) wait list control study arm. Intervention materials were mailed to men at home. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 1 month, and 12 months postintervention. Multivariate analyses, including ANCOVA and logistic regression, were used to analyze group differences. RESULTS: The booklet and video resulted in a significant improvement in knowledge and a reduction in decisional conflict about prostate cancer screening, relative to the wait list control. Satisfaction with the screening decision was not affected by the interventions. Self-reported screening rates increased between the baseline and the 1-year assessment, although screening was not differentially associated with either of the interventions. In exploratory analyses, prostate-specific antigen testing at 1 year was more likely among previously screened men and was associated with having low baseline decisional conflict. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents one of the first randomized intervention trials specifically designed to address AA men's informed decision making about prostate cancer screening. We have developed and evaluated culturally sensitive, balanced, and disseminable materials that improved knowledge and reduced decisional conflict about prostate cancer screening among AA men. Due to the high incidence and mortality rates among AA men, there is a need for targeted educational materials, particularly materials that are balanced in terms of the benefits and risks of screening.     

Episodic memory bias and the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Much of the research on episodic memory in schizophrenia spectrum disorders has focused on memory deficits and how they relate to clinical measures such as outcome. Memory bias refers to the modulatory influence that state or trait psychopathology may exert on memory performance for specific categories of stimuli, often emotional in nature. For example, subjects suffering from depression frequently have better memory for negative stimuli than for neutral or positive ones. This dimension of memory function has received only scant attention in schizophrenia research but could provide fresh new insights into the relation between symptoms and neurocognition. This paper reviews the studies that have explored memory biases in individuals with schizophrenia. With respect to positive symptoms, we examine studies that have explored the link between persecutory delusions and memory bias for threatening information and between psychosis and a memory bias toward external source memory. Although relatively few studies have examined negative symptoms, we also review preliminary evidence indicating that flat affect and anhedonia may lead to some specific emotional memory biases. Finally, we present recent findings from our group delineating the relation between emotional valence for faces and memory bias toward novelty and familiarity, both in schizophrenia patients and in healthy control subjects. A better understanding of the biasing effects of psychopathology on memory in schizophrenia (but also on other cognitive functions, such as attention, attribution, and so forth) may provide a stronger association between positive and negative symptoms and memory function. Memory measures sensitive to such biases may turn out to be stronger predictors of clinical and functional outcome.     

Fetal neural grafts for Huntington's disease: a prospective view.

Intrastriatal transplantation of striatal neuroblasts from human fetuses is a promising approach for treatment of Huntington's disease, on the basis of many experimental animal studies and, most recently, pilot clinical trials. Technically, several issues remain to be resolved (e.g., the precise site of dissection of the fetal tissue; the number and location of the fetal striatal implants; or the use of immunosuppressive therapy), and await larger-scale trials and purposely designed protocols. Further clinical data must also be obtained, and preliminary promising results must be replicated in a patient group large enough to provide conclusive results. It is important to establish (1) the amount of clinical benefit provided to the patient by the grafted cells; (2) the anticipated duration of clinical benefits; and (3) the secondary rate of decline after the benefit of the graft has been overbalanced. Evaluation of these parameters will require very long-term follow-up of the patients involved, over several years after grafting, before the technique can eventually be proposed widely to patients.     

Fos Expression in the Rat Brain Following Vaginal-Cervical Stimulation by Mating and Manual Probing

Vaginal-cervical stimulation (VCS), provided by mating or manual probing, induces many reproductive behavioral and endocrine changes in female rats. These changes include an increase in lordosis duration, heat termination and pseudopregnancy. Electro-physiological and [¹⁴C]2-deoxy-D-glucose studies collectively show that neurons in the medial preoptic area, ventromedial hypothalamus and midbrain central gray respond to manual VCS. In the present study we immunocytochemically labeled brain sections for Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos, to detect VCS-responsive neurons in hormone-primed animals receiving VCS by mating or manual probing. In Experiment 1, females receiving mounts and intromissions were compared to: 1) vaginally-masked females receiving mounts but no VCS, 2) females exposed to an intact anesthetized male or 3) females not exposed to males or the testing arena. Those animals receiving VCS showed a dramatic increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive cells in the medial preoptic area, posterodorsal portion of the medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, as well as the dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus and midbrain central gray. These effects of VCS were confirmed in Experiment 2 in animals receiving manual vaginal-cervical probing. These findings extend previous electrophysiological and [¹⁴C]2-deoxy-D-glucose studies by providing evidence that additional brain areas respond to VCS by mating, as well as manual probing.     

MISE AU POINT D'UNE TECHNIQUE D'ADMINISTRATION IN VIVO DES VECTEURS GENETIQUES DANS LEMUSCLE CARDIAQUE

Objective In order to improve the in vivo gene transfer into the heart muscle, we have designed a ECG-synchronized microinjection system that allows sequential gene delivery to the myocardium.Methods A cannula was introduced into the right carotid artery of the Wistar rat under general anesthesia.With the ECG-synchronized injection during diastole, the genetic vector (Ad CMV lacZ ) infusion was performed with various concentrations( l07 ～ l010pfu ) and different frequency ( the ratio of heart beats per injection from 1: 1 to 4: 1 ). The hearts of the rats were removed after 7 days for histological examination. Results Best results were obtained with a total vector amount of l09 pfu and a good ratio 3: 1 between heart frequency and injection frequency. The transfection efficiency was increased by use of vasodilators and by an increase of vascular permeability. No signs of myocardial ischemia or ventricular arrythmia were observed. Conclusion We have established a novel and safe method for in vivo gene transfer into the heart. Transgene expression suggests that this method may be useful technique to study cardiac function of treat cardiac diseases by means of gene theratpy.     

Poor Intraoperative Blood Glucose Control Is Associated with a Worsened Hospital Outcome after Cardiac Surgery in Diabetic Patients

Background: Tight perioperative control of blood glucose improves the outcome of diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Because stress response and cardiopulmonary bypass can induce profound hyperglycemia, intraoperative glycemic control may become difficult. The authors undertook a prospective cohort study to determine whether poor intraoperative glycemic control is associated with increased intrahospital morbidity.

Methods: Two hundred consecutive diabetic patients undergoing on-pump heart surgery were enrolled. A standard insulin protocol based on subcutaneous intermediary insulin was given the morning of the surgery. Intravenous insulin therapy was initiated intraoperatively from blood glucose concentrations of 180 mg/dl or greater and titrated according to a predefined protocol. Poor intraoperative glycemic control was defined as four consecutive blood glucose concentrations greater than 200 mg/dl without any decrease in despite insulin therapy. Postoperative blood glucose concentrations were maintained below 140 mg/dl by using aggressive insulin therapy. The main endpoints were severe cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious, neurologic, and renal in-hospital morbidity.

Results: Insulin therapy was required intraoperatively in 36% of patients, and poor intraoperative glycemic control was observed in 18% of patients. Poor intraoperative glycemic control was significantly more frequent in patients with severe postoperative morbidity (37% vs. 10%; P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for severe postoperative morbidity among patients with a poor intraoperative glycemic control as compared with patients without was 7.2 (95% confidence interval, 2.7-19.0).