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61.
62.
Cerebral blood flow relationships associated with a difficult tone recognition task in trained normal volunteers 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Holcomb HH; Medoff DR; Caudill PJ; Zhao Z; Lahti AC; Dannals RF; Tamminga CA 《Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)》1998,8(6):534-542
Tone recognition is partially subserved by neural activity in the right
frontal and primary auditory cortices. First we determined the brain areas
associated with tone perception and recognition. This study then examined
how regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in these and other brain regions
correlates with the behavioral characteristics of a difficult tone
recognition task. rCBF changes were assessed using H2(15)O positron
emission tomography. Subtraction procedures were used to localize
significant change regions and correlational analyses were applied to
determine how response times (RT) predicted rCBF patterns. Twelve trained
normal volunteers were studied in three conditions: REST, sensory motor
control (SMC) and decision (DEC). The SMC-REST contrast revealed bilateral
activation of primary auditory cortices, cerebellum and bilateral inferior
frontal gyri. DEC-SMC produced significant clusters in the right middle and
inferior frontal gyri, insula and claustrum; the anterior cingulate gyrus
and supplementary motor area; the left insula/claustrum; and the left
cerebellum. Correlational analyses, RT versus rCBF from DEC scans, showed a
positive correlation in right inferior and middle frontal cortex; rCBF in
bilateral auditory cortices and cerebellum exhibited significant negative
correlations with RT These changes suggest that neural activity in the
right frontal, superior temporal and cerebellar regions shifts back and
forth in magnitude depending on whether tone recognition RT is relatively
fast or slow, during a difficult, accurate assessment.
相似文献
63.
The clearance of vancomycin is significantly reduced in patients with acute, as well as, chronic renal failure. Although multiple-dosage regimen adjustment techniques have been proposed for these patients, there is little quantitative data to guide the individualization of vancomycin therapy in acute renal failure patients who are receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). To determine appropriate vancomycin dosing strategies for patients receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) and continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), we performed controlled clearance studies in five stable hemodialysis patients with three hemofilters: an acrylonitrile copolymer 0.6 m2 (AN69), polymethylmethacrylate 2.1 m2 (PMMA), and polysulfone 0.65 m2 (PS). Patients received 500 mg of vancomycin intravenously at least 12 hours before the start of the clearance study. The concentration of vancomycin in multiple plasma and dialysate/ultrafiltrate samples was determined by EMIT (Syva, Palo Alto, CA). The diffusional clearance and sieving coefficient (SC) of vancomycin were compared by a mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with filter and blood (Q(B)), dialysate inflow (Q(DI)), or ultrafiltration rate (Q(UF)) as the main effects and patient as a random effect. Vancomycin was moderately protein bound in these patients; free fraction ranged from 49% to 83%. The SCs of the three filters were similar and significantly correlated with the free fraction of vancomycin (P = 0.01; r2 = 0.465). Significant linear relationships were observed between the diffusional clearance of vancomycin and Q(DI) for all three filters: AN69 (slope = 0.482; r2 = 0.880); PMMA (slope = 0.853; r2 = 0.966); and PS (slope = 0.658; r2 = 0.887). The slope of this relationship for the PMMA filter was significantly greater than that of the AN69 and PS filters. The clearance of vancomycin, urea, and creatinine, however, was essentially constant at all Q(B)s for all three filters. Thus, the clearance of vancomycin was not membrane dependent during CVVH. However, during CVVHD, membrane dependence of vancomycin clearance was noted at a Q(DI) greater than 16.7 mL/min; vancomycin clearance with PMMA at a Q(DI) of 25 mL/min was 66% and 43% greater than that with the AN69 and PS filters, respectively. CVVH (62% to 262%) and CVVHD (90% to 540%) can significantly augment the clearance of vancomycin in acute renal failure patients. Dosing strategies for individualization of vancomycin therapy in patients receiving CVVH and CVVHD are proposed. 相似文献
64.
Small pulmonary lesions detected at CT: clinical importance 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
65.
J. W. Griffin C. Y. Li C. Macko T. W. Ho S. -T. Hsieh P. Xue F. A. Wang D. R. Cornblath G. M. McKhann A. K. Asbury 《Journal of neurocytology》1996,25(1):33-51
Summary The axonal patterns of Guillain-Barré syndrome, associated in many cases with antecedentCampylobacter jejuni infection, are now recognized as frequent causes of acute flaccid paralysis in some regions of the world. This study examined ultrastructurally the PNS of seven cases of the acute motor axonal neuropathy form of Guillain-Barré syndrome. In this disorder previous studies of advanced cases have found Wallerian-like degeneration of motor fibres in the spinal roots and peripheral nerves, with little lymphocytic inflammation or demyelination. The present study was focused on identifying early changes and establishing the sequence of changes. By electron microscopy the earliest and mildest changes consisted of lengthening of the node of Ranvier with distortion of the paranodal myelin, and in some instances with breakdown of the outermost myelin terminal loops. At this stage many nodes had overlying macrophages which extended their processes through the Schwann cell basal lamina covering the node and apposed the axolemma. Macrophage processes then extended beneath the myelin terminal loops, and the whole macrophage entered the periaxonal space at the paranode. Macrophage processes dissected the axon from the adaxonal Schwann cell plasmalemma and the macrophages advanced into the internodal periaxonal space, where they typically surrounded a condensed-appearing axon. At this stage the adaxonal Schwann cell cytoplasm regularly degenerated and disappeared, so that the periaxonal space was bounded by the innermost myelin lamella, and the axolemma of many fibres could not be seen. The internodal myelin sheath and the abaxonal Schwann cell cytoplasm remained normal. This arrangement appeared to be stable for some time, but in many fibres the axon subsequently underwent Wallerian-like degeneration. By interfering with impulse conduction, these nodal and periaxonal changes may explain paralysis in some pathologically mild cases. In addition, at early stages, these changes may be reversible, thus explaining the rapid recovery of some patients who become paralysed with acute motor axonal neuropathy. These observations, taken together with previous studies, suggest that acute motor axonal neuropathy is an antibody- and complement-mediated disorder in which the relevant epitopes are present on the nodal and internodal axolemma. 相似文献
66.
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68.
Normative data are reported for the visual acuity, luminance-difference threshold and size-difference threshold of pigeons (Columba livia). The mean visual acuity was 12.66 c/deg or 2.53 min (N = 54), the mean log luminance-difference threshold was 0.11 (N = 105) and the mean size-difference threshold was 0.94 mm (N = 20). 相似文献
69.
70.