2106例成人住院患者疼痛负担横断面调查及其临床意义

目的 调查重庆市某三甲医院成人住院患者疼痛负担,疼痛相关就医行为,以期改进疼痛诊疗措施,提高患者满意度。方法 采用短期（72 h）横断面调查方法,于2013年7月22日至24日对重庆某三甲医院成人住院患者进行问卷调查。结果 问卷有效回收率为84%（2 106/2 515）。成人住院患者疼痛患病率为46.96%（989/2 106）。疼痛持续时间小于1个月的手术患者占68.24%（651/954）。手术患者术前静息中重度疼痛发生率为34.81%（332/954）,术后为28.83%（275/954）。79.91%（1683/2 106）患者认为疼痛与自身疾病相关。81.10%（764/942）患者认为医师提供的止痛治疗有效。年龄和学历水平等均是患者疼痛负担的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 成人住院患者的疼痛负担较为普遍,外科疼痛发生率较高,急性疼痛分布居多,以轻度疼痛为主,患者对疼痛认知程度和镇痛满意度较高,但仍有部分疼痛未得到有效治疗。医务人员应接受规范化镇痛诊疗培训,采取个体化多模式镇痛诊疗措施,降低疼痛患病率,进一步提高患者满意度。     

中外影像学期刊论文引文频次和研究主题差异比较

目的本文旨在分析国内外影像期刊论文引文频次和研究主题差异,以提高国内影像研究人员对国内外影像进展的认识。方法分别选择国内(《中华放射学杂志》、《临床放射学杂志》、《放射学实践》、《实用放射学杂志》)和国外(《Radiology》、《AJR》、《Investigative Radiology》、《European Radiology》)共8种期刊,并以各期刊引文分析排名的前400的文章作为分析目标;针对目标文献分析其最高与最低引文分析频次,文章所属类型已经研究的亚学科方向,年代分布和分阶段比例等,对比国内外参考文献总体差别时,使用卡方检验,P<0.05有统计学意义。结果分析8种国内外杂志共3200篇文献,其国外引文分析频次最高为《AJR》(n=1085),国内为《中华放射学杂志》(n=305)。在综合引文分析排名前100名中,《Radiology》(n=83)和《中华放射学杂志》(n=89)所占比例最高;文章类型中,国内外均集中在临床和基础研究(均为78%),其次为综述和方法学研究。国外研究方向集中在腹部消化系统(n=17)、胸部(n=12)和乳腺影像(n=15),而国内则集中在胸部(n=20)、介入影像(n=19)、神经系统(n=19);国外年代分布则主要集中在1999~2002(n=18)年,国内为2003~2006(n=27);国内外最高(P<0.05)、最低(P<0.05)和总引文分析(P<0.05)文献卡方检验均有统计学意义。结论中外引文分析能提供丰富的国内外研究信息,在一定程度上有利于科研选题、确定研究方向及文章发表。     

Efficacy of artemether and artesunate in mice infected with praziquantel non-susceptible isolate of Schistosoma japonicum

Praziquantel is currently the only drug of choice for the treatment of human Schistosoma japonicum infections, and praziquantel-based chemotherapy has been proved to be generally effective to control the morbidity and reduce the prevalence and intensity of S. japonicum infections. However, the potential emergence of praziquantel resistance in S. japonicum seriously threatens the elimination of this neglected tropical disease in China. The purpose of this study was designed, in mouse animals, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of artemether and artesunate against praziquantel non-susceptible S. japonicum. Mice infected with a praziquantel non-susceptible isolate and a praziquantel-susceptible isolate of S. japonicum were treated with artemether and artesunate at a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg given once on each of days 7–8 and 35–36 post-infection to assess the efficacy against juvenile and adult worms. Administration with artemether and artesunate at a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg on each of days 7–8 post-infection resulted in total worm burden reductions of 72.8 and 73.5 % in mice infected with praziquantel-susceptible S. japonicum, and 77.9 and 74.1 % in mice infected with the non-susceptible isolate (both P values >0.05), while the same treatments given on days 35–36 post-infection reduced total worm burdens by 71.4 and 69.6 % in mice infected with the susceptible isolate, and 75.3 and 69.6 % in mice infected with the non-susceptible parasite (both P values >0.05). It is concluded that there is no evidence for reduced susceptibility of artemether and artesunate in praziquantel non-susceptible S. japonicum.     

Is there a reduced sensitivity of dihydroartemisinin against praziquantel-resistant Schistosoma japonicum?

Praziquantel is currently the only drug of choice for the treatment of human schistosomiases. However, it has been proved that Schistosoma japonicum subjected to drug pressure may develop resistance to praziquantel. To evaluate the efficacy of dihydroartemisinin against praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum, mice infected with a praziquantel-resistant isolate and a praziquantel-susceptible isolate of S. japonicum were treated with dihydroartemisinin at a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg given once on each of 35–36 post-infection days, while infected but untreated mice served as controls. All mice were sacrificed 50 days post-infection, and the worm burden reductions were estimated. Administration of dihydroartemisinin at a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg on each of 35–36 post-infection days reduced total worm burdens of 69.8 % and female worm burdens of 86 % in mice infected with the praziquantel-susceptible isolate, and total worm burdens of 66.1 % and female worm burdens of 85.1 % in mice infected with the praziquantel-resistant isolate (both P values?>?0.05). It is concluded that the sensitivity of artemisinin derivative dihydroartemisinin does not reduce in praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum.     

Effects of Maternal Cervical Incompetence on Morbidity and Mortality of Preterm Neonates with Birth weight Less than 2000g

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the impact of maternal cervical incompetence (with or without McDonald cerclage) on mortality and morbidity of preterm infant with birth weight <2000g.

Methods:

581 neonates were eligible for this study, 79 with cervical incompetence and 502 without it (control). Incidences of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), severe asphyxia, small for gestational age (SGA), early-onset sepsis (EOS), and mortality were compared between the two groups.

Findings:

Mean gestational age was earlier in cervical incompetence group than in control (30.2±2.1 vs 30.7±1.9, P<0.05). Except lower frequency of SGA, there were no significant differences in the incidences of RDS, BPD, ROP, PVL, IVH, NEC, EOS, severe asphyxia and mortality between the two groups. Infants with no cerclage had a higher prevalence of RDS (21/66 vs 9/13, P<0.05) compared to cerclage group due to lower mean gestational age (30.68±2.1 vs 28.6±1.4, P<0.01) and birth weight (1519.5±274.6 vs 1205.8±204.4, P<0.001), and clinical neonatal outcomes of the elective cerclage were similar to emergency cerclage in cervical incompetence groups.

Conclusion:

Maternal cervical incompetence was not associated with postnatal adverse neonatal outcomes. Lower mean gestational age was a major risk associated with higher prevalence of RDS in preterm neonates with no McDonald cerclage, and emergency cerclage did not predict poor clinical neonatal outcomes.     

脑梗死患者外周血CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的　探讨脑梗死患者外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺调节性T细胞（Treg）水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法　56例存在颈动脉斑块的脑梗死患者均行颈动脉斑块高分辨率MRI检查,根据斑块影像学特征分组。同期住院健康体检者（即对照组）30　例。应用流式细胞仪测定外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺　Treg的水平。结果　脑梗死组外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺　Treg水平低于对照组（P<0.05）;不稳定性斑块组、不稳定性斑块未破裂组及不稳定性斑块破裂组外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺　Treg水平低于稳定性斑块组（P<0.05和P<0.01）。不稳定性斑块破裂组外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺　Treg水平低于不稳定性斑块未破裂组（P<0.05）。外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺　Treg水平与斑块易损程度呈负相关关系（P<0.05）。结论　外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺　Treg水平可以反映颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性及破裂性。     

铁死亡与重大慢性疾病

铁死亡是近年发现的一种铁依赖的新型细胞死亡方式，其特征是脂质过氧化物和活性氧簇的过量蓄积。大量研究表明，铁死亡不仅在重大慢性疾病的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用，而且在不同的疾病背景下扮演不同角色。目前认为，铁死亡可抑制肿瘤生长并增加多种肿瘤对化疗药物和免疫治疗的敏感性，因此诱导铁死亡的发生拓展了肿瘤治疗思路。然而，在心脑血管疾病和神经退行性疾病中，铁死亡的发生通过引发正常组织器官损伤和功能丧失直接参与疾病的发生、发展及转归，因此针对心脑血管疾病和神经退行性疾病，抑制铁死亡的发生能够有效预防并延缓这些疾病的发生和发展。本文综述了铁死亡在恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病和心脑血管疾病三类不同重大慢性疾病中的最新研究进展及其潜在的作用机制，系统讨论了靶向铁死亡在防治重大慢性疾病中的临床应用前景，为重大慢性疾病的防治提供新的依据。     

医学检验实习虚拟仿真平台构建及量化考核实践

医学生的实习教学环节是医学教育过程中最重要的环节,更是医学生毕业时向社会职业角色顺利过渡的关键,临床医学检验技术专业是一门实践性及技术性很强的学科,它的实习阶段不仅是专业学习的重要组成部分,而且是掌握基本操作技能的关键环节。目前高通量的临床检验工作依赖智能化、自动化仪器完成,而实习考核采用传统的理论考试技能考核方式。本文拟对医学检验专业临床实习虚拟仿真平台构建及量化考核实践进行研究与探索,目的是加深学生对理论知识的把握,提升学生的操作技能,解决以往单一的出科考试评价模式,以提高实习教学质量和评价实习效果。     

Diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging compared with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for pancreatic malignancy: a meta-analysis using a hierarchical regression model

Background and Aim: To obtain diagnostic performance of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the detection of pancreatic malignancy. Methods: We performed a meta‐analysis of all available studies of the diagnostic performance of DWI and PET/CT for pancreatic malignancy. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library and some other databases were searched for initial studies. We determined sensitivities and specificities across studies, calculated positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR?), and constructed summary receiver operating characteristic curves (SROC) using hierarchical regression models. Results: Across 16 studies with 804 patients, PET/CT sensitivity was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82, 0.81) and specificity was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.71, 0.91). Overall, LR+ was 5.84 (95% CI, 4.59, 7.42) and LR? was 0.24 (95% CI, 0.17, 0.33). DWI sensitivity was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74, 0.92) and specificity was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.71, 0.98). LR+ was 9.53 (95% CI, 2.41, 37.65) and LR? was 0.17 (95% CI, 0.09, 0.32). In subgroup analysis, the sensitivity of enhanced versus unenhanced PET/CT in the detection of pancreatic cancer was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.86, 0.96) versus 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78, 0.90) (P > 0.05), the specificity 0.88 (95% CI, 0.73, 1.00) versus 0.81 (95% CI, 0.69, 0.94) (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was highly sensitive and DWI was a highly specific modality in diagnosing patients with pancreatic malignancy. PET/CT and DWI could play different roles in diagnosing pancreatic carcinoma. Enhanced PET/CT seems to be superior to unenhanced PET/CT. Further larger prospective studies are needed to establish its value for diagnosis in pancreatic cancer.