Pharmaceutical Marketing: Implications for Medical Residency Training

An educational intervention was developed to improve family practice residents' ability to obtain useful information from pharmaceutical representatives. The curriculum is based on the traditional one-on-one drug detail. The objectives are to develop residents' skills in controlling the interview, promote skills for critically analyzing drug-promotional material, and discuss ethical issues. The contents include an assessment tool, suggested readings, and interview questions with rationale. After 5 years, residents' confidence in all areas of the curriculum improved significantly.     

Power Doppler sonography enhances visualization of orbital vessels.

Our study was intended to determine whether power Doppler sonography can be considered superior to color Doppler technique in depiction of normal orbital vasculature. Ten healthy volunteers (20 eyes) were examined with a 10 MHz linear probe; each orbital vessel was recorded with both color and power Doppler methods; the images were reviewed independently by all the observers, who agreed that power Doppler clearly is superior to color Doppler technique for evaluation of the anatomy of orbital arteries and veins.     

Changes in the Subcellular Distribution of the Rat Uterus Oestrogen Receptor as Induced by Oestradiol,Tamoxifen and ZD 182,780

The aim of this work was to compare the subcellular distribution of the oestrogen receptor from the uteri of rats treated with vehicle alone (control group), oestradiol or one of the antio-estrogenic drugs tamoxifen and ZD 182,780. The nuclear, microsomal and cytosolic oestrogen receptor contents were evaluated by an immunoenzymatic method (“ER-EIA” kit from Abbott Laboratories) and the results in each fraction were expressed as a percentage of the total number of receptors. Parallel studies were performed to assess the uterotrophic effect of these drugs and to assess that they had reached the uterus. In the control group, we found that the oestrogen receptor was distributed mainly between the microsomal (29.1 ± 1.3%) and cytosolic (68.1 ±0.9%) fractions, with only a small amount located in the nucleus (2.8 ± 0.5%). When oestradiol was administered, the oestrogen receptor distribution was: nuclear 11.7 ± 2.0, microsomal 15.5 ± 1.3 and cytosolic 72.8 ± 3.3% and, in the tamoxifen group, the results were: nuclear 18.5 ± 1.5, microsomal 26.0 ± 31 and cytosolic 55.5 ± 3.4%, which shows a relative shift both to the control and the oestradiol-treated groups. In the uteri of rats treated with ZD 182,780 the results were very similar to those obtained in the control group. Our results indicate that the subcellular distribution of the oestrogen receptor varies according to the drug administered and that this receptor may not be located in a single subcellular compartment. Moreover, the nuclear uptake of the ZD 182,780-oestrogen receptor complex seems to be blocked, possibly due to impaired receptor dimerization. In the case of tamoxifen, the intracellular transport of the receptor also seems to be blocked, probably due to the nuclear retention of the receptor, thus suggesting that tamoxifen must impair the oestrogen receptor function on a step subsequent to the receptor dimerization.     

Differential distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat forebrain

Summary Contradictory immunohistochemical data have been reported on the localization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the rat forebrain, using different carbodiimide fixation protocols and antibody purification methods. In one case, N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity was observed in apparent interneurons throughout all allocortical and isocortical regions, suggesting possible colocalization with GABA. In another case, strong immunoreactivity was observed in numerous pyramidal cells in neocortex and hippocampus, suggesting colocalization with glutamate or aspartate. Reconciling these disparate findings is crucial to understanding the role of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in nervous system function. Antibodies to N-acetylaspartylglutamate and a structurally related molecule, N-acetylaspartate, were purified in stages, and their cross-reactivities with protein conjugates of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate were monitored at each stage by solidphase immunoassay. Reduction of the cross-reactivity of the anti-N-acetylaspartylglutamate antibodies to N-acetylaspartateprotein conjugates to about 1% eliminated significant staining of most pyramidal neurons in the rat forebrain. Utilizing highly purified antibodies, the distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate were examined in several major telencephalic and diencephalic regions of the rat, and were found to be distinct. N-acetylaspartylglutamate-immunoreactivity was observed in specific neuronal populations, including many groups thought to use GABA as a neurotransmitter. Among these were the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeducular nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus, and scattered non-pyramidal neurons in all layers of isocortex and allocortex. N-acetylaspartate-immunoreactivity was more broadly distributed than N-acetylaspartylglutamate-immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain, appearing strongest in many pyramidal neurons. Although N-acetylaspartate-immunoreactivity was found in most neurons, it exhibited a great range of intensities between different neuronal types.     

The nature of the head and neck cancer

Summary Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is a disease predominantly of males and is due to a variety of known environmental irritants, notably cigarette smoke. Dietary, viral and immunological factors may also be relevant. Head and neck squamous cancers express epidermal growth factor receptors and some show weak levels of oestrogen receptor activity, but a reliable serum marker of tumour burden remains to be identified. The prognosis is found to be less favourable in females, in those with advanced T stage, in association with multiple node involvement, especially where extracapsular spread is present and where the T4/T8 ratio is elevated. Administration of heterologous blood during therapy may also have an adverse effect on prognosis. Interested clinicians must remember that most cases are preventable. Correspondence to: A.G.D. Maran