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11.
12.
Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Following its benchmark discovery, nitric oxide (NO) is nowknown to play important functional roles in a variety of physiologicalsystems. Within the vasculature, NO induces vasodilation, inhibitsplatelet aggregation, prevents neutrophil/platelet adhesionto endothelial cells, inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferationand migration, regulates programmed cell death (apoptosis) andmaintains endothelial cell barrier function. NO generated byneurons acts as a neurotransmitter, whereas NO generated bymacrophages in response to invading microbes acts as an antimicrobialagent. Because neurons, blood vessels and cells of the immunesystem are integral parts of the reproductive organs, and inview of the important functional role that NO plays in thosesystems, it is likely that NO is an important regulator of thebiology and physiology of the reproductive system. Indeed, inthe past 10 years, NO has established itself as a polyvalentmolecule which plays a decisive role in regulating multiplefunctions within the female as well as the male reproductivesystem. This review provides an overview of the role of NO invarious reproductive organs under physiological and pathologicalconditions. 相似文献
13.
ATRX encodes a novel member of the SNF2 family of proteins: mutations point to a common mechanism underlying the ATR-X syndrome 总被引:11,自引:3,他引:11
Picketts DJ; Higgs DR; Bachoo S; Blake DJ; Quarrell OW; Gibbons RJ 《Human molecular genetics》1996,5(12):1899-1907
It was shown recently that mutations of the ATRX gene give rise to a
severe, X-linked form of syndromal mental retardation associated with alpha
thalassaemia (ATR-X syndrome). In this study, we have characterised the
full-length cDNA and predicted structure of the ATRX protein. Comparative
analysis shows that it is an entirely new member of the SNF2 subgroup of a
superfamily of proteins with similar ATPase and helicase domains. ATRX
probably acts as a regulator of gene expression. Definition of its genomic
structure enabled us to identify four novel splicing defects by screening
52 affected individuals. Correlation between these and previously
identified mutations with variations in the ATR-X phenotype provides
insights into the pathophysiology of this disease and the normal role of
the ATRX protein in vivo.
相似文献
14.
15.
Evolutionary silencing of the human elastase I gene (ELA1) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
16.
Huisman JA; Paulussen RJ; Geurts TB; Odink J; Rekers H 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1997,12(1):34-38
The objective was to demonstrate bioequivalence between s.c. and i.m.
administration of Humegon (FSH/LH ratio 1:1) and Normegon (FSH/LH ratio
3:1). In two randomized, single-centre, cross-over studies, 18 healthy
volunteers on each formulation were assigned to one of the two
administration sequences. Subjects were given single doses of one of the
above gonadotrophins after endogenous gonadotrophin production had first
been suppressed using high-dose oral contraceptive. Subsequently, rate
(Cmax, tmax) and extent (AUC) of absorption of follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined for 14 days. For Cmax
and AUC, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on log-transformed data
and for tmax ANOVA was performed on ranks. Intramuscular and s.c.
injections of Humegon were bioequivalent with respect to the main
pharmacokinetic parameters, being AUC and Cmax of FSH absorption.
Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Normegon were bioequivalent with
respect to the AUC of FSH and not bioequivalent with respect to the Cmax of
FSH. For tmax of FSH as well as for most LH variables of both preparations,
bioequivalence could not be proven due to the high intra- and
interindividual variability and/or concentrations being close to the
detection limit. Thus, the main pharmacokinetic FSH variables after i.m.
and s.c. administration of Humegon and Normegon were bioequivalent.
相似文献
17.
Lesions of the articular surfaces of the knee have been managed by various techniques over the last 50 years. Surgical management has involved: excising the damaged area, refashioning the underlying bone to produce a fibrous response, and introducing allograft, autograft and synthetic materials to encourage a repair matrix. The techniques and their pitfalls are reviewed and discussed, and suggestions made as to the direction of future studies for the repair of osteochondral lesions in the painful knee. 相似文献
18.
Over the past 20 years, shifts in the nature of conflict and the sheer numbers of civilians affected have given rise to increasing concern about providing appropriate health services in unstable settings. Concurrently, international health policy attention has focused on sexual and reproductive health issues and finding effective methods of addressing them. This article reviews the background to the promotion and development of reproductive health services for conflict-affected populations. It employs qualitative methods to analyse the development of policy at international level. First we examine the extent to which reproductive health is on the policy agendas of organisations active in humanitarian contexts. We then discuss why and how this has come about, and whether the issue has sufficient support to ensure effective implementation. Our findings demonstrate that reproductive health is clearly on the agenda for agencies working in these settings, as measured by a range of established criteria including the amount of new resources being attracted to this area and the number of meetings and publications devoted to this issue. There are, however, barriers to the full and effective implementation of reproductive health services. These barriers include the hesitation of some field-workers to prioritise reproductive health and the number and diversity of the organisations involved in implementation. The reasons for these barriers are discussed in order to highlight areas for action before effective reproductive health service provision to these populations can be ensured. 相似文献
19.
Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin administered by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) to patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Cho HK Lush RM Bartlett DL Alexander HR Wu PC Libutti SK Lee KB Venzon DJ Bauer KS Reed E Figg WD 《Journal of clinical pharmacology》1999,39(4):394-401
The pharmacokinetics of cisplatin administered by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) was characterized in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cisplatin was added into the perfusate with escalating doses from 100 mg/m2 to 400 mg/m2. The hyperthermic perfusion was maintained for 90 minutes with a flow rate of 1.5 L/min and a target peritoneal temperature of 42.5 degrees C after a tumor debulking procedure. Samples of both the perfusate and blood were obtained during the perfusion and 30 minutes after the perfusion. Cisplatin plasma and perfusate concentrations were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with a lower limit of detection of 2 ng/ml and a coefficient of variation (CV) < 10%. Fifty-six patients were enrolled in the study. The mean (+/- SD) percentage of cisplatin present in the perfusate at the completion of perfusion was 27.8% +/- 20% of the total dose. The maximum cisplatin concentrations in the perfusate were 10 times higher than those in plasma. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of the perfusate was 13 times higher than the AUC of plasma. A two-compartment model with an additional peritoneal cavity compartment fits to the data best based on the Akaike information criterion. However, the interpatient variability was considerably high (CV < 100%). In conclusion, cisplatin administered by hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion resulted in a pharmacological advantage by obtaining higher and direct drug exposure to the tumor in the peritoneal cavity while limiting systemic absorption and toxicity. Using a complex two-compartment model, the authors were able to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cisplatin given intraperitoneally via this technique. 相似文献
20.
Frequency of the ATM IVS10-6T→G variant in Australian multiple-case breast cancer families
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