Different clinical types of degenerative aphasia

The authors report 3 cases of slowly progressive aphasia with different language disturbances: anomia, pure word deafness and Broca's aphasia. All patients were independent in daily life activities. Insight, judgement and overall behaviour were intact. There was no major disturbance of other cognitive functions, but psychometric tests showed mild deficits suggesting widespread involvement. CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging showed focal dilatation of the left sylvian fissure. A positron emission tomographic study showed left perisylvian hypometabolism. A review of the literature yielded an increasing number of cases of this degenerative syndrome affecting dominant hemisphere language areas. Our cases confirm the clinical heterogeneity of degenerative aphasia. Postmortem neuropathological examinations are rare and many causes are found: Pick's disease, Alzheimer's disease or aspecific gliosis.     

Simple measurement of spinal cord evoked potential: a valuable data source in the rat spinal cord injury model.

Measurement of spinal cord evoked potentials (SCEPs) is proposed as a means of predicting locomotion outcome in the rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Using 55 rats, three reproducible peak waves (waves I, II and III) were observed during stimulation at the C7 level with recording at the L1 epidural space. Hemisection at the T13 level showed three wave loss patterns: wave III loss only, loss of both wave II and III, and loss of all three waves. Defining an ideal SCI model as establishment of stable monoparesis or paraparesis, all animals in the wave II-III loss group showed favorable results. Histological data and electrophysiological properties allowed reasonable assumptions of wave origin: wave I from extrapyramidal tracts, wave II from the ventral corticospinal tract, and wave III from the dorsal corticospinal tract. Complete destruction of pyramidal tracts in both dorsal and ventral fibers was essential for long-term impairment of locomotion.     

The overwhelmed intestine syndrome

We studied 54 patients who, after small intestinal resection, developed a massive protracted diarrhea with a daily fecal loss greater than 2 kg, status we defined as the "overwhelmed intestine syndrome" (OIS). Median length of residual small bowel was 120 cm, 19 patients had a definitive stoma (jejunostomy, n = 9; colostomy, n = 10), 26 patients had a provisional jejunostomy. Fecal weight greater than 2 kg was related to enteral hyperalimentation (greater than 3,500 Kcal) in 19 patients (induced OIS) and was clearly independent in 16 others who had fecal weight over 3 kg while receiving approximately 2,000 Kcal (obligatory OIS); the last 19 patients had fecal weight between 2 and 3 kg during normoalimentation. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia were common in the three groups. The other complications were seen mostly in patients with obligatory OIS: in those patients, parenteral nutrition was maintained in 9 cases out of 16 (vs. 0 in other groups), nutritional gain was scanty, sodium equilibrium was difficult to obtain in spite of a large sodium intake (380 mmol/day), hospitalization lasted several months and autonomy via the enteral route could not be achieved in 7 out of the 9 patients with definitive short bowel (vs. 0 in other groups). This study shows that the OIS is an unique functional entity. Complications and prognosis are dependent on the obligatory or induced pattern of the syndrome. Only patients with obligatory OIS require definitive home parenteral nutrition.     

A 13-year longitudinal analysis of risk factors and clinic visitation patterns of patients with repeated gonorrhea

A retrospective study of 2498 patients who made multiple visits to a sexually transmitted disease clinic over a 13-year period analyzed risk factors, default patterns, and repeated infections associated with gonococcal urethritis. An analysis of visitation patterns found that being young, black, and male and having a history of gonococcal urethritis before visiting the clinic was positively related to the total time a patient remained involved with the clinic. Default rates for all patients increased with successive clinic visits. A focused analysis was carried out on the records of 146 patients who returned to the clinic within 12 months with a second diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis. It was found that this group of "repeaters," who comprised 15% of the total population with gonococcal urethritis, accounted for approximately 29% of all diagnoses of this infection over the 13-year study period. Repeaters were found to be more frequently male, black, single, and to be less likely to return for a test-of-cure culture. Longitudinal analysis found that the median time repeaters remained involved with the clinic was approximately 130 days. The relatively brief clinic "half-life" and rapid rates of removal of repeaters are discussed in terms of the development of strain-specific immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a closed population of patients.     

A study on OX39, a murine anti-rat interleukin 2 receptor antibody

OX39, a murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that recognizes the 55 kDa alpha chain of the rat interleukin 2 receptor (R-IL2), was studied in vitro for its ability to interfere with IL2 binding and IL2-induced proliferation on rat concanavalin A (ConA) blasts and in vivo in a model of rat heart allografts. In vitro studies indicated that OX39 MoAb interacts with a single class of sites on the alpha chain of the rat R-IL2 with a high affinity (K_D=0.8 nm) and competes with IL2 binding on this chain (K_I=0.53 nm). In contrast, OX39 MoAb was found to be 10–20 times less efficient in competing with IL2 binding to the high-affinity R-IL2 (K_I10 nm). It is proposed that the epitope recognized by OX39 on the alpha chain (low-affinity R-IL2) is modified on (or buried in) the high-affinity R-IL2 configuration. Accordingly, OX39 was found to be a weak inhibitor in vitro on IL2-induced proliferation and in vivo on allograft rejection. Allograft survival was unaffected by doses of OX39 of 20 and 50 g/rat for 9 days; only a borderline effect was noted when doses as high as 250 g/rat were used. A significant, but restricted, effect of OX39 could be further detected when combined with low doses of cyclosporine A (1.5 mg/kg), which were ineffective by themselves. Together, our data suggest that in order to be efficient in vivo, anti-R-IL2 MoAbs must bind with high affinity to epitopes involved in the high-affinity IL2 binding site.     

Solitary plasmacytoma of the spine. Long-term clinical course

The data for 19 patients with solitary plasmacytoma of the spine were reviewed with regard to clinical course and prognosis (median follow-up, 96 months). Eight patients presented with spinal cord compression. A monoclonal immunoglobulin was initially detected in seven of 15 evaluable patients. Treatment included radiotherapy (18 of 19) and/or surgery (11 of 19) and chemotherapy (eight of 19). Spinal cord compression was reversed in every patient. The expected survival rate was 85% at 10 years after diagnosis. Local recurrence or dissemination was observed in 13 patients. It occurred within 5 years of diagnosis in 11 patients and was localized (that is, local recurrence or single bone metastasis) in eight patients. It was always associated with the appearance or an increase of the M component. Dissemination frequently had a "metastatic" pattern with no diffuse bone marrow plasmacytosis. The incidence of local recurrence (five patients) and leukemia (four patients) was high. Local recurrence and/or dissemination were significantly more frequent in patients with the M component at diagnosis than in those without it (P less than 0.05; relative risk, R = 4). The effectiveness of surgery and chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy is also discussed.     

Spectrum of NSD1 mutations in Sotos and Weaver syndromes

Interestingly, mental retardation was consistently more severe in patients with NSD1 deletions. Macrocephaly and facial gestalt but not overgrowth and advanced bone age were consistently observed in Sotos syndrome patients. We suggest therefore considering macrocephaly and facial gestalt as mandatory criteria for the diagnosis of Sotos syndrome and overgrowth and advanced bone age as minor criteria.