Telescopic Examination of the mastoid Cavity

Otoendoscopy enables viewing of different angles of the tympanomastoid area and approach to them for better prognosis. A comparative study of post-operative mastoid cavities has been done using the Hopkin’s rod telescope, Otoscope and microscope. Various procedures have also been done successfully on the mastoid cavity using the telescope on an outdoor basis.     

Tumours of the parapharyngeal space

A series of 14 parapharyngeal tumours has been studied with regard to their symptology, pre-operative evaluation and surgical management. High resolution computed tomography is now the best initial diagnostic study because it helps to determine the size and extent of the tumour, differentiate tumours of parotid and extraparotid origin, demonstrate degree of tumour vascularity, separate benign from malignant lesions, plan the surgical approach and predict prognosis.     

Synovial sarcoma of the larynx

A 23 years old male presented with a soft cystic mass in the left paralaryngeal space since 3 months. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a bulging of the left lateral pharyngeal wall. Histopathologic al examination of the biopsy proved it to be a synovial sarcoma. The case is the seventh case reported in literature.     

The anesthetic management of a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Implications: This case report describes the anesthetic considerations for a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Specific strategies to be applied in the perioperative period to prevent hemolytic episodes and venous thrombosis are also discussed.     

GENDER AND AGE DIFFERENCES IN ANEMIA PREVALENCE DURING THE LIFECYCLE IN KUWAIT

Anemia remains a significant worldwide public health problem. Most studies of anemia and iron deficiency, the major cause of anemia, have targeted small children and reproductive age women. Much less is known about anemia in other lifecycle groups, especially preschool age children, prepubertal boys and girls, or in older adults. Yet recent studies indicate that anemia may increase the risk for chronic diseases and accelerate declining function in older adults. We examined anemia throughout the lifecycle in Kuwait by analyzing data from the 2002 Kuwait Nutrition Surveillance Program. Over 13,000 individuals of both sexes representing all ages were studied. The prevalence of anemia was higher in females than males between 6 months and 3 years. From age 4 to 14 years, there was a reversal with males having a higher rate of anemia. Older females had a lower prevalence of anemia than younger females. These results imply certain policy options.     

Misoprostol vs. oxytocin for induction of labor at term.

Efficacy of misoprostol was studied for induction of labor at term. Seventy patients were randomized to Group A (n = 36, oral misoprostol 50 microg four hourly to maximum of 5 doses) and B (n = 34, continuous oxytocin infusion). Induction-delivery interval was shorter with misoprostol (7.7 +/- 2.8 h against 14.3 +/- 4.8 h with oxytocin) but the rates of vaginal delivery, cesarean, neonatal outcome variables were similar. Hence, misoprostol is an effective agent for induction of labor at term.     

Visualizing and quantifying evoked cortical activity assessed with intrinsic signal imaging

Intrinsic signal imaging (ISI) measures changes in light reflectance from the illuminated cortex (intrinsic signals or IS) attributed to various vascular and metabolic sources that, when using illumination in the 600 nm range, appear to co-localize with neuronal activity. Given the multiple sources contributing to the collected IS, the common practice of averaging across an extended post-stimulus time epoch before dividing by baseline data typically visualizes evoked IS overlying both the cortical tissue and the large surface blood vessels. In rat PMBSF, the contribution from these vessels are problematic as they do not co-localize with known PMBSF function. Determining a means for quantifying the evoked IS area poses an additional challenge. Here, we describe how exploiting IS collected shortly after stimulus onset (within 1.5 s), which coincides with fast oxygen consumption of active neurons, visualizes evoked IS overlying the cortical tissue without the large surface vessels. We also describe how the use of absolute thresholds combined with a baseline determined from data collected immediately prior to stimulus onset (within 1 s) targets most precisely a specific evoked IS amplitude, a method that should be especially useful when evoked areas are expected to occupy a substantial portion of the total imaged area and/or when peak activity is expected to differ between subjects.     

Combined screening of thymocytes using apoptosis-specific cDNA array and promoter analysis yields novel gene targets mediating TCDD-induced toxicity.

We have used pathway-specific cDNA arrays coupled with analysis of gene promoter regions to identify novel genes that may mediate the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the thymus. C57BL/6 mice were injected ip with 50 microg/kg TCDD, and 3, 6, or 24 h later, RNA was extracted from the thymus and subjected to microarray analysis. Several members of the TNF and TNFR family were induced following TCDD exposure, including receptor/ligand pairs Ltbeta-R/LIGHT, OX40/OX40L and TNF-alpha/TNFR1. In addition, Fas and CD30 were also upregulated. Pro-apoptotic bcl-2 gene family members Bax and Hrk, among others, were also induced, as were pro-survival bcl-2 family genes Bcl-x and Bcl-w. Cell-cycle regulator p21Cip1 was also induced. In addition, we analyzed the promoter regions of genes induced by TCDD for the presence of dioxin-responsive elements (DREs). The Fas and LIGHT gene promoters were found to contain DREs as analyzed by Matinspector Web-based search algorithm. Furthermore, binding of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to the DREs present on these genes was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Given that several of the genes, including Fas, LIGHT, and CD30 are involved in negative selection of T cells in the thymus, our studies suggest that TCDD-induced upregulation of these genes may enhance negative selection leading to thymic atrophy.     

A Current Review of Cypermethrin-Induced Neurotoxicity and Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration

Cypermethrin, a class II pyrethroid pesticide, is used to control insects in the household and agricultural fields. Despite beneficial roles, its uncontrolled and repetitive applications lead to unintended effects in non-target organisms. Cypermethrin crosses the blood-brain barrier and induces neurotoxicity and motor deficits. Cypermethrin prolongs the opening of sodium channel, a major site of its action, leading to hyper-excitation of the central nervous system. In addition to sodium channel, cypermethrin modulates chloride, voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels, alters the activity of glutamate and acetylcholine receptors and adenosine triphosphatases and induces DNA damage and oxidative stress in the neuronal cells. Cypermethrin also modulates the level of neurotransmitters, including gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine. It is one of the most commonly used pesticides in neurotoxicology research not only because of its variable responses depending upon the doses, time and routes of exposure and strain, age, gender and species of animals used across multiple studies but also owing to its ability to induce the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This article describes the effect of acute, chronic, developmental and adulthood exposures to cypermethrin in experimental animals. The article sheds light on cypermethrin-induced changes in the central nervous system, including its contribution in the onset of specific features, which are associated with the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Resemblances and dissimilarities of cypermethrin-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration with sporadic and chemicals-induced disease models along with its advantages and pitfalls are also discussed.