Effects of maternal subtotal nephrectomy on the development of the fetal kidney: A morphometric study

The present study was designed to explore if maternal subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy affects the development of fetal rat kidneys using morphometric methods and examining whether there are any apoptotic changes in the fetal kidney. To generate 5/6 nephrectomized model rats, animals underwent 2/3 left nephrectomy on gestation day (GD) 5 and total right nephrectomy on GD 12. The fetal kidneys were examined on GDs 16 and 22. A significant decrease in fetal body weight resulting from maternal 5/6 nephrectomy was observed on GD 16, and a significant decrease in fetal renal weight and fetal body weight caused by maternal nephrectomy was observed on GD 22. Maternal 5/6 nephrectomy induced a significant increase in glomerular number, proximal tubular length, and total proximal tubular volume of fetuses on GD 22. Maternal 5/6 nephrectomy resulted in an increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the metanephric mesenchyme of the kidney on GD 16, and in the collecting tubules on GD 22. These findings suggest that maternal 5/6 nephrectomy stimulates the development of the fetal kidney while suppressing fetal growth.     

Prevention of recurrence of esophageal varices after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate

Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy was given to 155 patients with esophageal varices mainly related to non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The formation of a superficial ulcer in the lower esophagus was achieved in 141 (91.0%) of the 155 patients, with an average of 4.1 sessions of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy during an average time of 4.9 weeks. The average volume of 5% ethanolamine oleate sclerosant used was 24.8, 19.2, 12.3 and 6.5 ml for the initial to fourth sessions of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, respectively. For 14 patients, a sufficient number of sessions of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy could not be given: 10 early deaths (5 hepatoma, 4 liver failure and 1 gastric bleeding), and 4 refused further sessions. When the esophageal mucosa had been eliminated and a superficial ulcer had formed, episodes of recurrent bleeding or recurrence of esophageal varices were nil over a median follow-up of 14.6 months, with a range of 1 to 27 months. In seven patients, bleeding recurred before elimination of the mucosa could be achieved, but these bleeding episodes were well controlled with an additional session of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. At the time of analysis, there were 36 deaths (20 hepatoma, 14 liver failure and 2 gastric bleeding) among these 155 patients. Thus, the mean follow-up was 16.3 months (range: 7 to 27 months) in the 119 survivors, with no recurrence of the varices. We propose that removal of the esophageal mucosa may well be the endpoint of repeated endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in the management of patients on injection sclerotherapy.     

Hepatectomy for liver metastasis from ampullary cancer after pancreatoduodenectomy

A 51-year-old Japanese woman with a solitary liver metastasis originating from a carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater was successfully treated by partial hepatectomy 19 months after curative pancreatoduodenectomy with lymphadenectomy. Histologic examination revealed a stage III well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (pT2, pN1, and pM0). Postoperative serum concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen increased exponentially to 133 ng/mL. The carcinoembryonic antigen doubling time was 63 days. Computed tomography and ultrasonography of the abdomen showed a solitary metastasis in segment VI of the liver. Since neither local recurrences nor other distant metastases were detected, the patient underwent partial hepatectomy. Histologic study confirmed the presence of a metastatic liver tumor from the ampullary carcinoma. The carcinoembryonic antigen levels returned to normal immediately after the partial hepatectomy. She was well without signs of recurrence 18 months after partial hepatectomy.     

Postoperative complications of repeat hepatectomy for liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: When a repeat hepatectomy is possible, it is the most effective treatment modality for recurrent colorectal liver metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical risks of repeat hepatectomy for liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: Between 1986 and 1996, 60 patients with hepatic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma underwent surgery in the Department of Surgery I, Oita Medical University. Ten of them underwent a repeat hepatectomy. The cases of these 10 patients were studied retrospectively; in particular, postoperative complications and intraoperative blood loss were compared between the initial and second operation. RESULTS: During the second surgery, recurrence was detected adjacent to the hepatic stump in 9 of the 10 patients. During the initial surgery, 6 underwent non-anatomic resections, and 4 had anatomic resection, including 1 extended lobectomy, 1 lobectomy, and 2 segmentectomies. For the second surgery, 3 had anatomic resections, including 2 lobectomies, and 1 segmentectomy, and 7 underwent non-anatomic resections. There were no mortalities during the initial or second operation. There was no morbidity following the initial surgeries and 7 postoperative complications (intraabdominal abscess, 4 cases; biloma, 3 cases) following the second surgeries. Mean blood loss during the second operation (1044 mL) was significantly greater than during the initial operation (561 mL). CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that repeat hepatectomy for recurrent liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma resulted in significantly greater intraoperative blood loss and postoperative complications than those of the initial surgeries. The blood loss and complications in the second operation, the one for the recurrence, were directly associated with the fact that the recurrence was so close to the hepatic stump. Since the resection line in the second surgery was adjacent to the hepatic hilus, resection of the lesion caused much more injury to the main bile duct and main portal vein than that caused by the.     

New developments in fetal lung surgery

After more than two decades of experimental and clinical work, fetal surgery has become a reasonable treatment modality for selected fetuses with life-threatening anomalies. We review the literature on anatomic anomalies of the fetal lung that are amenable to fetal surgical therapy. Ultrafast fetal magnetic resonance imaging has enhanced the accuracy of prenatal evaluation. Fetal lung masses associated with hydrops are nearly 100% fatal. These lesions can be resected in utero if they are predominantly solid or multicystic. Thoracoamniotic shunting may be effective in the setting of a single large predominant cyst. Fetuses diagnosed with left congenital diaphragmatic hernia before 26 weeks' gestation, who have liver herniation and a sonographic right lung-to-head circumference ratio of less than 1.0, may benefit from temporary fetal tracheal occlusion to enhance lung growth before birth.     

A rat model of esophageal varices

We have developed a new method for inducing portal hypertension and esophageal varices in rats--partial ligation of the portal vein after devascularization of the circumference of the left renal vein and complete ligation of the portal vein on the fifth day thereafter. Thirty rats were separated into groups of 10, control (sham operation), complete portal ligation only and complete portal ligation plus devascularization. Two weeks after the surgery, the presence of esophageal varices in rats with complete portal ligation plus devascularization was confirmed by portography and by the histological findings. The diameter (mean +/- SD) of the submucosal veins of the lower esophagus in the complete portal ligation plus devascularization group (219.4 +/- 86.6 microns) was significantly larger than that in the complete portal ligation group (99.8 +/- 53.4 microns) or in the control group (30.5 +/- 16.6 microns) (p less than 0.01). Vascular structures of the lower esophagus closely resembled those in humans with esophageal varices. This new technique is simple, rapid and reliable, and application can be made to various experimental studies on portal hypertension.     

The Role of Low Density Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Abstract: The chief indication for low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a potentially fatal condition that responds poorly to conventional therapy. Dextran sulfate/cellulose adsorption columns (Kaneka) and on-line heparin precipitation (HELP) are the most popular systems used in LDL apheresis. Weekly or biweekly procedures plus concomitant drug therapy enable LDL cholesterol to be maintained at 30–50% of its untreated level, with regression of xanthomas, arrest of progression of coronary atherosclerosis, and improved life expectancy. However, aortic stenosis may progress despite apheresis and necessitate valve replacement. Better control of hypercholesterolemia results from combining apheresis with a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin. LDL apheresis can also be useful in treating drug-resistant FH heterozygotes with coronary disease. However, the FH Regression Study showed no evidence that reduction by apheresis of both LDL and lipoprotein(a), was more advantageous than reduction by combination drug therapy of LDL alone.