Simple method for the identification of oxidative fibers in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle is composed of several different types of myofiber: slow oxidative (SO), fast glycolytic oxidative and fast glycolytic. However, the classification is usually determined by myosin heavy chain typing rather than by metabolic index. In this study, the oxidative metabolic index was investigated as a possible method of myofiber typing. Myoglobin, which is involved in oxygen transport and storage in myofibers, and mitochondria, which are the central organelles for oxidative metabolism, were studied. High levels of myoglobin and mitochondria are believed to exist in SO fibers, but the current study showed that they are considerably richer in some fast type fibers. As myofiber typing using the oxidative metabolic index is important physiologically, an attempt was made to find a simple method for this purpose. Some mitochondrial proteins have been observed to auto-fluoresce but until now this effect was too faint to detect easily. Owing to the recent advances in cooling charge-coupled device technology, such auto-fluorescence can now be used for myofiber typing, and the simple and rapid method for doing so is reported here.     

Use of glycopeptidolipid core antigen for serodiagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in immunocompetent patients

We report the development of a serodiagnostic method for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with the MAC-specific glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core as the antigen. In this study, we confirmed by EIA that the GPL core antibody was in the sera of immunocompetent patients with MAC disease. The EIA for quantifying the GPL core antibody was evaluated as a clinical tool for serodiagnosis of pulmonary MAC disease. A significant increase in GPL core antibodies (immunoglobulins G, A, and M) was detected in sera of patients with MAC pulmonary diseases when they were compared to patients who were colonized with MAC, patients with Mycobacterium kansasii disease or tuberculosis, and healthy subjects. The sensitivities and specificities of the GPL core-based EIA for diagnosis of MAC pulmonary disease were 72.6% and 92.2%, respectively, for IgG, 92.5% and 95.1%, respectively, for IgA, and 78.3% and 91.0%, respectively, for IgM. The best sensitivity and specificity were obtained by measuring immunoglobulin A antibodies against GPL core antigen. The level of GPL core antibodies reflected disease activity, since it decreased in cured MAC patients who had responded to chemotherapy. Measurement of serum antibodies against GPL core is useful for both diagnosis and assessment of disease activity in MAC disease of the lung.     

Deficiency of theory of mind in patients with remitted mood disorder

BACKGROUND: Recent researches on theory of mind (ToM) in patients with mood disorders have revealed deficits of ToM ability during episodes. In this study, we aimed to test ToM ability among patients with unipolar or bipolar depression currently in remission. METHODS: ToM ability and IQ obtained by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) were evaluated in 50 patients with remitted depression, who met the criteria of mood disorders of DSM-IV, and 50 matched healthy controls. RESULTS: The patients with mood disorders showed statistically significant impairment in a second-order false question (Fisher's Exact Test p < 0.0001). No significant difference was shown in the other three areas of ToM between the patients and the controls. In addition, no correlation of the four areas of ToM with IQ obtained by WAIS-R was found. LIMITATIONS: The relation of ToM deficit to other specific cognitive impairment was not examined. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that depressive patients in symptomatic remission have a lower ability of second-order false belief. The ToM impairment suggests a decline of skillful social relationships. Evaluation of ToM ability in depressive patients in remission may be useful to provide treatment for better social adjustment.     

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF A CASE OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS II (HUNTER'S SYNDROME)

An autopsy case of a 19-year-old boy who had shown typical gargoyle features, strictly consistent with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter's syndrome) was reported. Histologically, cytoplasmic vacuolar change was found In hepatocytes, sinusoidal epithelium of spleen, follicular cells of thyroid, Sertoli cells of testis, chromophobe cell of pituitary and generalized fibroblast-like cells including meninges, cardiac valve and periosteum. The vacuoles consisting of membrane-bound structures with flocculus protein-like material and occasional electron dense bodies on electron microscopy, were considered to be the site of mucopolysaccharide deposition by histochemical analysis. Deposition of lipid material consistent with so-called membranous cytoplasmic body was observed in the neurons of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system. Hepatosplenomegaly could be explained by cytoplasmic deposition, but the cause of cardiomegaly remained further to be studied. Biochemically hepatic mucopolysaccharide was identified as heparan sulfate, while in the kidney dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were detected. The correlation between morphology and biochemistry, and between deposition and degeneration was discussed.     

Validation of ECRHS Questionnaire in Japanese to use for nation-wide prevalence study of adult asthma]

PURPOSE: To enable international comparison of prevalence in asthma, we translated and evaluated ECRHS Questionnaire, which is introduced in GINA. Considering COPD prevalence in elder people, we added two questions to the ECRHS Questionnaire. METHOD: The Japanese edition of ECRHS Questionnaire was responded by 366 patients who were diagnosed asthma without COPD, 61 patients who were diagnosed COPD without asthma, and 137 healthy persons who were not diagnosed asthma or COPD. We analyzed the answers of the each group and evaluated the validity of the questionnaire to use for the nation-wide prevalence study of adult asthma in future. RESULTS: The question of 'Wheezing at any time in the last 12 months' had the highest Youden's index and validity to pick up asthma patients. The questions of 'Waking up with a feeling of tightness in chest at any time in the last 12 months' and 'Waking up by an attack of shortness of breath at any time in the last 12 month' had the highest specificity to pick up asthma patients. Most of the questions which were related asthma were able to be answered by asthma patients properly, but some questions were improperly answered by patients and healthy persons in elderly. The results in this study showed the less recognition of their diseases in elderly patients than younger patients and the limitation of the study with written questionnaire for elderly people. Not a few COPD patients complained wheezing or whistling in the chests as same as asthma patients in this study. CONCLUSION: We concluded that we had almost enough reliability in the Japanese edition of the ECRHS questionnaire for screening survey of asthma prevalence in Japan.     

Existence of a small population of IL-2Rβhi TCRint cells in SCG and MRL-lpr/lpr mice which produce normal Fas mRNA and Fas molecules from the lpr gene

Mice carrying the lpr gene, SCG and MRL-lpr/lpr mice, were used to characterize the phenotype and lpr gene of abnormally proliferating T cells in these mice. A major population which expanded in these mice were T cells expressing intermediate (int) levels of T cell receptor (TCR) (and CD3) and the phenotype of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R)β^lo α^? (possibly abnormal TCR^int cells). The levels of TCR^hi cells of thymic origin (generated through the mainstream of T cell differentiation in the thymus) profoundly decreased after the onset of disease. However, a small population of normal TCR^int cells (i.e. IL-2Rβ^hi α^?) were also found to exist in all tested organs. For example, the majority of abnormal IL-2Rβ^lo TCR^int cells were CD4^?8^? CD2^?, while normal IL-2Rβ^hi TCR^int cells were a mixture of single-positive cells (mainly CD8⁺), CD4^?8^? cells and CD2⁺ cells. Moreover, normal TCR^int cells preferentially produced normal Fas mRNA and Fas molecules from the lpr gene. This phenomenon explains the leaky appearance of normal Fas mRNA and Fas molecules in mice carrying the lpr gene. It is suggested that a small population of IL-2Rβ^hiTCR^int cells are resistant to the lpr genetic abnormality.     

Glucose uptake by individual skeletal muscles during running using whole-body positron emission tomography

The purpose of this study was to examine, by positron emission tomography (PET), the distribution of [¹⁸F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) uptake by human muscles during 35?min of running. Thirteen healthy male subjects were studied, seven of whom participated in the exercise study. Running intensity was kept constant such that the subjects' heart rates were maintained at between 140 and 150?beats per minute. [¹⁸F]FDG [62.9 (14.8)?MBq, mean (SD)] was injected after 15?min of running. PET imaging was started immediately after the running ended. The ratio of [¹⁸F]FDG uptake by muscles in runners to that in control subjects (r-c ratio) varied from three to six for the muscles of the foot and leg below the knee joint. The r-c ratio of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG) was higher than that of its lateral head (LG). The r-c ratio of the rectus femoris (RF) was lower than that of the other three muscles of the quadriceps femoris (QF). The r-c ratio of inactive muscles located above the waist was approximately 0.7. These results suggest that, during the moderate running of this study: (1) glucose uptake by muscles of the foot and leg below the knee joint clearly increases, (2) the r-c ratio differs significantly among the skeletal muscles, which act synergistically, and (3) glucose uptake by inactive skeletal muscles decreases.     

Integrins are not involved in the process of human sperm-oolemmal fusion

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether integrins are required forthe human sperm–oocyte binding and fusion processes. METHODS:The expression of several integrin subunits at the human oocyteplasma membrane was investigated using immunofluorescence microscopy,and the functional role of integrins expressed at the humanoocyte surface in sperm–oocyte interaction was studiedusing a zona-free human oocyte binding and fusion assay. A totalof 144 unfertilized oocytes were stained with anti-integrinantibodies and 147 zona-free unfertilized oocytes were inseminatedin the presence of various anti-integrin antibodies that wereexpressed in oocyte plasma membrane. RESULTS: The antibodiesof six integrin subunits (₂, ₃, ₅, ₆, _V, _M) and six integrinsubunits (₁, ₂, ₃, ₄, ₅, ₆) were bound to the surface of fixedunfertilized oocytes. In contrast, the presence of ₁ and ₄ subunitscould not be verified. The human sperm–oocyte bindingwas only partially inhibited by blocking antibodies of ₂, ₃,₅, ₆, _V, _M, ₁, ₂ and ₃ with a maximum of 55% inhibition, butantibodies of ₄, ₅ and ₆ showed no effect on sperm–oolemmalbinding. A similar reduction of the number of fused sperm wasobserved. However, the ratio of fused sperm to total sperm (boundand fused) was not impaired by all integrin antibodies, suggestingthat integrins had no role in the sperm–oolemmal fusionprocess. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that one of thebinding mechanisms can be inhibited by integrin antibodies butthat this mechanism does not play an essential role in the humansperm–oolemmal binding and fusion processes. The othermechanisms, insensitive to integrins, may involve both bindingand fusion processes in human oocytes.