The role of ambiguity in sexual encounters between young people in England

This paper explores the role of ambiguity in sexual encounters between young people. It is based on a qualitative study of young peoples' communication about sexual matters whilst on a date. Focus groups (4) and semi-structured interviews ( n = 29) were conducted with young people (aged 16-29) in three areas of England. The results suggest that ambiguity may serve a useful function in the management of ambivalence during sexual encounters; may protect the self and others from the pain of rejection; and may guard against the possibility of making a false assumption. In such contexts, ambiguity may constitute a reasoned or rational response to a given set of circumstances. This rationality needs to be acknowledged by health professionals. Ambiguity is also sometimes construed as an appropriate mode of communication for a passive female role. Given the complex motivations behind the adoption of ambiguous cues, discussion-based teaching and peer group formats may be more appropriate than didactic teaching methods when helping young people to adopt more direct communication strategies.     

Recent Chemical Exposures and Blood Volatile Organic Compound Levels in a Large Population-Based Sample

Little is known about factors that influence blood levels of volatile organic compounds in nonoccupationally exposed populations. The authors examined the possible relationship between recent self-reported chemical exposures and elevated blood volatile organic compound levels among 982 adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A strong dose-response effect was indicated (p < .001) for increasing lifetime pack-years of cigarettes smoked for elevated levels of toluene, styrene, and benzene. A positive dose-response effect was indicated for daily alcohol consumption with respect to elevated blood levels of 2-butanone and acetone. For volatile organic compounds typically found in 10-75% of the population, the establishment of a link with specific environmental exposures is relatively easy because there is less effect of confounding in this group. Some volatile organic compounds, however, are seen in less than 10% of the general population; finding these compounds at any level may warrant a search for a particular exposure.