住院儿童死亡412例分析

０　引言　国务院下发的“九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要”提出未来１０ａ发展战略目标中，第一位目标是到２０００年５岁以下儿童死亡率降低１／３．鉴此，我们对我科２１ａ来住院儿童死亡原因做一分析，为做好儿童保健及疾病防治工作提供依据．１　对象和方法　我院儿科１９７８～１９９８年收治住院患儿１５５１１例，死亡４１２例，其中男２７３例，女１３９例．根据死亡病例进行统计分析各年龄组的主要死因构成，死亡儿童的年龄分布、死亡患儿住院时间及死亡尸检率．２　结果　按每５ａ为一阶段统计各段死亡率，２１ａ来住院儿童死亡率…     

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS): a useful tool for monitoring bone health in preterm infants?

Preterm infants are at risk of osteopenia and metabolic bone disease (MBD) of prematurity. There is a need for simple, reliable methods to detect and monitor this condition. Aims: The aims were first to describe longitudinal changes in speed of sound (SOS) measured using quantitative ultrasound (QUS; Sunlight Omnisense, Israel) in preterm neonates: and second to determine whether SOS predicts the development of MBD. Methods: SOS was measured in the tibia in 99 preterm infants (mean (SD)) gestation 29.7 (3.6) weeks; birthweight 1340 (550) g, with longitudinal measurements in 75. SOS z‐scores were generated for gestation and sex. Clinical data were recorded. Results: Baseline SOS (but not SOS z‐score) was positively associated with gestational age. SOS and SOS z‐score fell with age. In multivariate models, peak ALP, minimum phosphate concentrations and markers of illness severity were not predictors of the fall in SOS z‐score, and baseline SOS measurements did not predict the development of high peak ALP or low phosphate. Interpretation: Speed of sound measurements fell with age in all infants, but we found no evidence that this measurement could predict biochemical indicators of MBD. We cannot exclude the possibility that this technique could be useful in monitoring the response to interventions designed to improve bone health in this population.     

A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the EMLA® patch for the reduction of pain associated with intramuscular injection in four to six-year-old children

The effectiveness of a eutectic mixture lidocaine-prilocaine topical anaesthetic cream (EMLA) patch compared with a placebo patch in the reduction of pain associated with intramuscular immunization was evaluated. As part of the study, 161 children (aged 4-6-y) undergoing routine diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and polio (DPTP) immunization in five urban and five rural private office settings were randomly assigned to an EMLA patch (n = 83) or a placebo patch control group (n = 78). Pain measurements included: child's self-report on a Faces Pain Scale; facial action on the Child Facial Coding System; the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and parent and technician ratings on a Visual Analogue Scale. Parents also rated their own and their child's immunization-related anxiety on a Visual Analogue Scale. The EMLA patch group had significantly less pain on all four pain measures compared with the placebo group. Of the children in the placebo group, 43% had clinically significant pain, compared with 17% of children in the EMLA patch group. No severe adverse symptoms occurred as a result of either EMLA or placebo patch application. CONCLUSION: The EMLA patch reduced immunization pain in 4 to 6-y-old children during needle injection.     

A pragmatic randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of low concentrated saline spa water baths followed by ultraviolet B (UVB) compared to UVB only in moderate to severe psoriasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether low concentrated saline spa water baths followed by ultraviolet B (LC-SSW-UVB) are superior to UVB alone in moderate to severe psoriasis. BACKGROUND: There is a lack of sufficiently large randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the additional benefit of saltwater baths followed by UVB compared to UVB only in psoriasis. STUDY DESIGN: Partly evaluator blind, multicentre, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Five German spa centres. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty-three adults with stable psoriasis during the last month and a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) of > 10 and/or an affected body surface area of > 15%. INTERVENTIONS: LC-SSW-UVB or UVB thrice a week until remission (PASI < 5) or for a maximum of 6 weeks. Sodium chloride concentrations of natural springs varied between 4.5% and 12%. Conventional UVB (broadband UVB or selective UVB phototherapy) was used as irradiation source. MAIN OUTCOME: Reduction of PASI and/or affected body surface area of 50% at the end of the intervention period (PASI-50). Only participants receiving at least one intervention were included in the primary analysis. RESULTS: Patients allocated to LC-SSP-UVB attained a statistically significantly higher rate of PASI-50 at the end of the intervention period than patients allocated to UVB [58/79 (73%) vs. 32/64 (50%); P = 0.01; NNT, 4.3, 95% CI, 2.4-18.1]. Benefit persisted until 3 months only for one of two secondary outcomes considered. CONCLUSIONS: In routine clinical practice balneophototherapy using conventional UVB is superior to conventional UVB only at the end of a 6-week treatment course.     

Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow: I. Normal erythroid development

Flow cytometry was used to identify maturational differences of erythroid lineage cells in normal human bone marrow by combining physical characteristics, the expression of multiple cell surface antigens, and nucleic acid content. Normal low-density bone marrow cells could be divided into four populations, based on forward and right-angle light scattering. Erythroid cells, at different maturational stages, were found in three of these four marrow subpopulations. The sequentially correlated expression of three cell surface markers--HLe-1, transferrin receptor, and glycophorin--allowed us to study erythroid maturation from the colony forming cell to the mature erythrocyte. HLe-1 was expressed on the earliest identifiable erythroid cells and was progressively lost as the cells matured. Transferrin receptor began to be expressed at the BFU-E stage and disappeared at the late reticulocyte stage. Transferrin receptor expression preceded glycophorin expression, the latter beginning on morphologically recognizable erythroid precursors just after the CFU-E stage. In contrast to both HLe-1 and transferrin receptor, which were progressively lost during the maturational process, once glycophorin had been maximally expressed on the cell surface, it remained at constant quantities to the mature erythrocyte stage. Although developing nucleated erythroid cells at approximately the normoblast stage had light-scattering properties similar to those of lymphoid cells, these two cell types could be resolved by cell surface antigen expression. Normoblasts were glycophorin positive and HLe negative, whereas lymphoid cells expressed HLe and either Leu 4, Leu 11, or Leu 12. Decreases in cellular nucleic acid content, corresponding first to the extrusion of the nucleus and second to the loss of reticulum, characterized the later stages of erythroid development. These characteristics and instrumentation can be used to purify erythroid cells at various developmental stages.     

Abnormal stimulated adherence of neonatal granulocytes: impaired induction of surface Mac-1 by chemotactic factors or secretagogues

To identify possible secretory determinants of impaired hyperadherence and stimulated migration of neonatal granulocytes (NGs), we performed correlative studies of: (a) specific granule content and exocytosis, (b) secretago-gue-mediated upregulation of f-met-leu-phe (fMLP) receptors, (c) the chemotactic induction of the adhesive glycoproteins Mac-1 alpha (complement receptor 3) and beta, and (d) morphometric assessments of specific (peroxidase negative) granule depletion following chemotactic stimulation. Lactoferrin (LF) content of NG suspensions (cord blood or peripheral blood cells) was profoundly diminished (mean +/- SD 51% +/- 18% of normal) as compared with healthy adult granulocytes (AGs). Despite diminished cellular content, LF release by NG suspensions in response to fMLP was comparable to that of AGs. In contrast, LF release by NG suspensions was significantly diminished in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or calcium ionophor A23187 and/or during stimulated cell spreading, experimental conditions promoting overall greater LF depletion than chemotactic stimuli. In addition, NGs demonstrated an impaired capacity to upregulate fMLP receptors in response to PMA or A23187 when tested under the same experimental conditions. Baseline expression of the adhesive glycoproteins Mac-1 alpha and beta on NG surfaces was normal, but induction or upregulation of these proteins by chemotactic concentrations of fMLP, C5a as well as secretory (high) concentrations of PMA and A23187, was significantly diminished as compared with AGs. In contrast, chemotactic induction of the surface expression of the complement receptor-1 (CR-1) on NGs was normal. An impaired induction of Mac-1 alpha or beta was directly related to an impaired enhancement of adherence of NG in response to fMLP over a chemotactically relevant concentration range (10(-10) to 10(-7) mol/L). Moreover, in blocking- incubation experiments using anti-Mac-1 alpha/beta monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), significantly less inhibition of adherence by these MAbs was evident with fMLP-stimulated NG as compared with AG suspensions. Under selected chemotactic conditions, ultrastructural assessments of NGs demonstrated diminished peroxidase-negative granule loss in association with diminished granule-membrane fusion and the "addition" of plasma membrane. These studies suggest that abnormal expression of multiple surface determinants derived from peroxidase- negative granules or other intracellular pools may contribute to deficient chemotaxis or other inflammatory functions of NGs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Electrogastrography can recognize gastric electrical uncoupling in dogs

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Electrical uncoupling is the lack of electrical synchronization in different parts of the stomach. The ability of electrogastrography (EGG) to recognize gastric electrical uncoupling has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on EGG of surgically introduced gastric uncoupling in anesthesized dogs. METHODS: Six pairs of bipolar electrodes were inserted into the antral gastric wall of 16 anesthetized dogs at laparotomy. Eight-channel bipolar cutaneous EGGs were simultaneously recorded. Three separate half-hour recordings were made from each dog in the basal state and after each of two circumferential cuts of all gastric muscle. The stomach was divided into three equally sized areas, each with an electrode pair in its anterior and posterior walls. Gastric electrical activity was assessed visually. EGG was digitized and processed by computer. RESULTS: Criteria for EGG normality were defined from 9 dogs with normal gastric electrical activity. After the first antral cut, internal recordings from the area below the division were at a lower frequency and often irregular. The second cut produced three different frequencies. Suggested criteria for normality allowed correct recognition of 93% of all severely abnormal records. Records with mild gastric electrical abnormalities were recognized with a sensitivity of 74%. CONCLUSIONS: EGG can recognize severe electrical uncoupling. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;112(6):2006-11)     

地塞米松与ATP联用在体外诱导细粒棘球绦虫原头节细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨地塞米松与三磷酸腺苷（ATP）联用在体外诱导细粒棘球绦虫原头节细胞凋亡的作用。 方法 体外培养细粒棘球绦虫原头节,分别设地塞米松（5 mmol/L）组、 ATP（1.6 mmol/L）组、 地塞米松（5 mmol/L）+ATP（1.6 mmol/L）组和空白对照组,显微镜下观察原头节变化。药物诱导8 h后,选取原头节形态改变最明显的一组和空白对照组,透射电镜观察这两组原头节的超微结构,原位末端脱氧核糖核苷酸转移酶标记技术（TUNEL法）检测原头节中的凋亡细胞,半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）活性检测试剂盒检测该酶活性,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测两组原头节的DNA片段。 结果 药物诱导8 h后观察,与对照组相比,地塞米松组和地塞米松+ATP组的原头节均出现团缩、顶突内凹和体积缩小,钙颗粒明显减少且模糊不清,未见原头节活动,其中地塞米松+ATP组原头节的形态改变更明显,故选择该组作为实验组,与空白对照组进行后续试验。透射电镜观察见实验组原头节中实质细胞体积缩小、细胞膜皱缩、细胞基质浓缩、核异染色质凝集呈团块状或新月形边集于核膜下,表现出凋亡细胞的特征。TUNEL法在实验组的原头节中检测到散在的凋亡细胞,对照组则未见凋亡细胞。实验组caspase-3活性约为对照组的12倍。电泳结果显示,实验组DNA中有约150 bp的核小体DNA片段。 结论 地塞米松与ATP联用可在体外诱导细粒棘球绦虫原头节细胞凋亡。     

In vivo and in vitro suppression of primary B lymphocytopoiesis by tumor-derived and recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Transplantation of a granulocytosis-inducing murine CE mammary carcinoma into mice suppresses primary B lymphopoiesis in the marrow. The mechanisms of this tumor-induced B-cell suppression were investigated using Whitlock-Witte-type lymphoid cultures. When seeded with normal marrow progenitors, stromal cells of tumor-bearing mice supported the production of B220+ cells as well as did either stomal cells derived from control mice or the stromal cell line S17. Cultured over normal stroma, marrow cells of tumor-bearing mice depleted of adherent cells and B220+ cells generated B220+ cells as effectively as a similar cell population from control mice. However, interleukin-7- responsive progenitors, were completely depleted from the marrow of tumor-bearing mice. When conditioned medium (CM) of cloned CE tumor cells known to produce granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage-CSF, or recombinant murine G-CSF was added to the cultures established with S17 cells, B220+ cell production was significantly diminished. Antiserum to murine G-CSF blocked these effects. These in vitro observations were corroborated by the elimination of marrow B220+ cells in mice injected with G-CSF. These in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that G-CSF plays an inhibitory role in primary B lymphopoiesis by blocking stromal cell-mediated differentiation of early B-cell progenitors into phenotypically recognizable B220+ pre-B cells.