Objective assessment of nerve injury after greater saphenous vein stripping.

AIM: The complication of nerve injury after greater saphenous vein stripping for varicosity is subjective, and a method for objective evaluation has never been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative sensory changes by quantitative assessment of current perception threshold (CPT), and to clarify the relation between CPT and symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2003 and August 2005, 27 limbs in 18 patients were enrolled. Quantitative sensory function was determined through CPT using a Neurometer (Neurotron, Inc., USA), with which saphenous nerve neural fiber selective minimum sensing values against three electrical stimuli (2000, 250, 5 Hz) were measured. CPT measurements were scheduled on the day before the operation, and 2-7 days, 1, 3, and 6 months after the operation. RESULTS: An increase in CPT value of more than 20% or decrease to below 50% compared to the preoperative value with at least two stimuli was defined as CPT abnormality. Subjective symptoms were observed in 13 limbs in the early postoperative period, and 10 limbs showed CPT abnormality. In 6 limbs with a CPT increase over 20% with all three stimuli, neurological symptoms continued for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: CPT evaluation provides an objective indication of neurological symptoms in the lower limb following varicose vein surgery.     

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita

From 1975 to 2004 a total of 38 children handicapped by congenital multiple arthrogryposis were cared for. The congenital joint contractures demand a major effort in terms of surgical reconstruction. In the case of distal arthrogryposis the chances that patients will be able to walk without help are good, while those with amyoplasia are likely to be dependent on mobility aids throughout their lives. The ultimate goal of treatment for patients is to develop into self-confident adults who can cope with life despite their handicaps. The hip in arthrogryposis shows variable forms of pathology, ranging from the almost normal hip to hip contractures with dislocation. Its treatment has some limited advantages, but hardly improves mobility. The knee contractures are actively treated to allow patients to sit, stand and walk better. The club foot and the rocker-bottom foot need sophisticated conservative and operative treatments. If conservative manipulation of bilateral extension contractures of the elbow fails operative treatment is carried out on the dominant side. For shoulder, hand and finger contractures conservative manipulation brings about little improvement, and surgical approaches help hardly at all.     

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in childhood brainstem lesions

Background Diagnosis of brainstem lesions in children based on magnetic resonance imaging alone is a challenging problem. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive technique for spatial characterization of biochemical markers in tissues and gives information regarding cell membrane proliferation, neuronal damage, and energy metabolism. Methods We measured the concentrations of biochemical markers in five children with brainstem lesions and evaluated their potential diagnostic significance. Images and spectra were acquired on a 1.5-T imager. The concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, tetramethylamines (e.g., choline), creatine, phosphocreatine, lactate, and lipids were measured within lesions located at the brainstem using Point-resolved spectroscopy sequences. Results Diagnosis based on localized proton spectroscopy included brainstem glioma, brainstem encephalitis, demyelination, dysmyelination secondary to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1), and possible infection or radiation necrosis. In all but one patient, diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy or by clinical follow-up. Conclusions This small sample of patients suggests that MRS is important in the differential diagnosis between proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in patients without neurofibromatosis. Unfortunately, in cases of NF 1, MRS can have a rather misdiagnosis role.     

Tubercular pseudoaneurysm of aorta: a rare association with vertebral tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Pseudoaneurysm of the aorta in association with vertebral tuberculosis is a rare phenomenon. With the resurgence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated resistant tuberculosis, this life-threatening complication requires greater awareness. PURPOSE: Our purpose is to report the rare presentation and successful management of tubercular pseudoaneurysm of the aorta in association with vertebral tuberculosis, and to highlight the clinicoradiological features for early and prompt diagnosis of this potentially fatal, but treatable, disease. STUDY DESIGN: A single case report and overview of the disease comprises the design of this study. PATIENT SAMPLE: The patient, already surgically intervened, is a 27-year-old male with increasing abdominal and back pain, upper motor neuron signs, and constitutional signs and symptoms. OUTCOME MEASURES: At 33 months follow-up, there is complete resolution of the signs and symptoms, and the patient is back to his previous vocation. METHODS: The diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and contrast computed tomography. Endoaneurysmorrhaphy of the pseudoaneurysm along with a complete course of antitubercular treatment was given to the patient, and he has presently been followed up for 33 months. RESULTS: The patient's signs and symptoms have been completely resolved without any recurrence. CONCLUSION: Despite the use of modern chemotherapy and imaging techniques, this disastrous complication still occurs and reinforces the need for early suspicion, diagnosis, surgical resection, and antitubercular therapy along with close postoperative follow-up to prevent recurrence. With the resurgence of HIV (and other immunocompromised states) associated and resistant tuberculosis, we should be more alert than ever to this life-threatening complication.     

Bedeutung molekular-zytogenetischer Befunde bei Speicheldrüsentumoren am Beispiel des Mukoepidermoidkarzinoms

Chromosomentranslokationen in Tumoren führen nicht selten zur Ausbildung von Fusionsgenen, die für Proteine mit onkogenen Eigenschaften codieren können. Mukoepidermoidkarzinome sind charakterisiert durch eine Translokation t(11;19), die in 60% der untersuchten Tumoren vorkommt. Diese chromosomale Umlagerung führt zu einem Fusionsgen, das aus dem Exon 1 des MECT 1-Gens und den Exons 2–5 des MAML 2-Gens zusammengesetzt ist. In der Folge bildet sich ein Fusionstranskript, wodurch unabhängig von Notch-Liganden eine Aktivierung der Transkription von HES 1, einem Notch-Zielgen, erfolgt. Durch die veränderte Funktion von MAML 2 kommt es zur Unterbrechung des NOTCH-Signaltransduktionsweges, was einen neuen Mechanismus in der Tumorgenese vermuten lässt. Der Nachweis der Translokation mittels FISH und/oder RT-PCR könnte von erheblichem diagnostischem und möglicherweise auch prognostischem Interesse sein. Zuvor müssen allerdings die molekularen Ereignisse, die einem scheinbar identischen chromosomalen Rearrangement in Warthin-Tumoren zugrunde liegen, geklärt werden. Warthin-Tumoren sind gutartige Speicheldrüsentumoren mit einer vom Mukoepidermoidkarzinom abweichenden Histomorphologie und Histogenese.