合作学习在手术室临床护理教学中的应用

目的 探讨合作学习模式在手术室临床护理教学中的应用效果.方法 将实习护生64人按实习时间分成观察组和对照组各32人.对照组采用传统"师带徒"教学法进行带教,观察组采用合作学习模式进行教学,实习结束评价学习效果.结果 观察组护生考试成绩显著高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组90.6%～100.0%护生认为合作学习模式有效提高了自己的综合素质.结论 手术室临床护理教学中应用合作学习模式对提高护生的操作能力、沟通能、综合运用知识能力和加深知识理解有非常重要的作用,可提高教学质量.     

转化生长因子-β_1对前列腺基质细胞基因表达的调节作用

目的　探讨转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)对前列腺基质细胞基因表达的调节作用。　方法　原代培养人前列腺基质细胞 ,并传代至 4～ 6代。分别将浓度为 0 .0 1、0 .10、1.0 0、10 .0 0 μg/L的TGF β1加入细胞培养液中。孵育 48h后收集细胞。用内参照半定量RT PCR方法检测前列腺基质细胞雄激素受体 (AR)、TGF β1、bFGF和平滑肌特异性标记蛋白smoothelin基因的转录水平。　结果　与对照组相比 ,低浓度 (0 .0 1μg/L)的TGF β1可增强体外培养的前列腺基质细胞内AR表达 (P <0 .0 1) ,差别有显著性意义。随TGF β1浓度增加 ,促AR表达作用减弱。随TGF β1浓度增加基质细胞TGF β1、bFGF和smoothelin基因的转录增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,并且随着应用浓度增加促各基因转录的作用增强。　结论　TGF β1对前列腺基质细胞基因表达具有广泛的调节作用 ,在前列腺增生发病中具有重要作用     

NMP 22, BTA stat test and cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the NMP 22 and BTA stat test in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer and to compare these tests to cytology and cystoscopy, routine diagnostic methods. METHODS: 150 patients followed up for bladder cancer or symptoms suggestive of bladder cancer underwent cystoscopy after cytology, NMP 22 and BTA stat test using a recently voided urine sample. In suspect cases, TUR and histopathological analysis were performed. RESULTS: Bladder cancer was proven in 76 patients and excluded in 74. For NMP 22 we have used the cutoff value recommended by the manufacturer (10 U/ml) and that obtained by our receiver-operating characteristic curve (6 U/ml). Sensitivity was 84.21% for NMP 22 at the cutoff value of 6 U/ml and 76.32% with 10 U/ml; 72.37% for BTA stat test; 69.74% for cytology, and 100% for cystoscopy. Specificity was 86.49% for NMP 22 at a cutoff value of 6 U/ml and 90.54% at 10 U/ml; 89.19% for the BTA stat test; 93.24% for cytology and 89.19% for cystoscopy. NMP 22 sensitivity for grades 1, 2, and 3 was 68.75, 75.86 and 100%, respectively, at a cutoff value of 6 U/ml, and 50, 68.97 and 96.77%, respectively, at a cutoff level of 10 U/ml; for BTA stat the sensitivity was 56.25% in G1, 62.07% in G2 and 90.32% in G3, and for cytology the sensitivity was 43.75, 62.07 and 90.32%, respectively. The sensitivity of NMP 22 was 68.75% in stage Ta, 84.78% in T1 and 100% in T2-T4 at a cutoff level of 6 U/ml and 50, 80.43 and 92.86%, respectively, at a cutoff level of 10 U/ml; BTA stat sensitivity was 50% in Ta, 73.91% in T1 and 92.86% in T2-T4; and in cytology the results were 37.50, 73.91 and 85.71%, respectively. Using the McNemar test, there was only a significant difference between the sensitivity of NMP 22 at a cutoff level of 6 U/ml and cytology in the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS: The high sensitivity of the NMP 22 and BTA stat test in combination with the data obtained from the parameters used for the evaluation of the test demonstrate their usefulness in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer. NMP 22 at a cutoff value of 6 U/ml is significantly more sensitive than cytology and consequently a thoroughly valid diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of bladder cancer which may substitute voided urine cytology.     

Surgical Indication for Non-curative Endoscopic Resection in Early Gastric Cancer

Background Endoscopic resection (ER) is an effective treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) without lymph node metastasis. However, after ER additional surgery may be needed to manage the risks presented by residual cancer or lymph node metastasis. Methods ER was performed on 344 gastric adenocarcinomas between November 2001 and April 2006 at the Korean National Cancer Center under the strict pre-procedural indication. The authors performed operations in 43 patients due to: residual mucosal cancer, a mucosal cancer larger than 3 cm, or a submucosal cancer regardless of size or margin involvement. ER and surgical specimens were reviewed and analyzed for residual cancer and lymph node metastasis. Results Based on examinations of ER specimens, cancer was confined to the mucosal layer in 15 patients (34.9%) and invaded the submucosal layer in 28 patients (65.1%). Surgical specimens showed residual cancer in 17 patients (39.5%) and lymph node metastasis in four (9.3%). Neither residual cancer nor lymph node metastasis was found in patients with less than 500 μm submucosal invasion without margin involvement in ER specimens. In three of four patients with lymph node metastasis, the depth of submucosal invasion was 500 μm or more; the remaining patient had a 4-cm-sized differentiated mucosal cancer. Conclusions When a pathologic evaluation of an ER specimen reveals more than 500 μm of submucosal invasion or a mucosal cancer of larger than 3 cm, surgery should be considered due to the risk of lymph node metastasis.     

Tacrolimus monotherapy in membranous nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial

Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Although some patients with membranous nephropathy achieve a spontaneous remission, renal function continues to deteriorate in others. We conducted a prospective randomized trial evaluating monotherapy with tacrolimus to achieve complete or partial remission in patients with biopsy-proven membranous nephropathy. Twenty-five patients received tacrolimus (0.05 mg/kg/day) over 12 months with a 6-month taper, whereas 23 patients were in the control group. The probability of remission in the treatment group was 58, 82, and 94% after 6, 12, and 18 months but only 10, 24, and 35%, respectively in the control group. The decrease in proteinuria was significantly greater in the treatment group. Notably, six patients in the control group and only one in the treatment group reached the secondary end point of a 50% increase in their serum creatinine. No patient in the tacrolimus group showed a relapse during the taper period. Nephrotic syndrome reappeared in almost half of the patients who were in remission by the 18th month after tacrolimus withdrawal. We conclude that tacrolimus is a very useful therapeutic option for patients with membranous nephropathy and preserved renal function. The majority of patients experienced remission with a significant reduction in the risk for deteriorating renal function.     

Surgical completeness of robotic thyroidectomy: a prospective comparison with conventional open thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients

Background

Using the da Vinci^® robotic system, surgeons can complete secure thyroidectomy without noticeable neck scarring. This study compared the surgical completeness of transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy (RT) with conventional open procedures (OT) in treating papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients.

Materials and methods

From April 2009 through February 2011, 94 PTC patients underwent total thyroidectomy with central compartment neck dissection (CCND) at Yonsei University College of Medicine. All patients received 1.1 GBq radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation, post-therapy whole-body scans (TxWBS), and diagnostic WBS (DxWBS) 1 year later. We prospectively compared patient clinicopathologic characteristics and surgical completeness between the two groups.

Results

Fifty-one patients underwent OT and 43 underwent RT. Mean age was significantly younger in the RT group. Tumor size, capsular-invasion frequency, multifocality, bilaterality, and central nodal metastasis were not different between the two groups. The number of retrieved nodes during CCND did not significantly differ between the groups. There was no significant difference between the OT and RT groups in stimulated thyroglobulin levels acquired during TxWBS and DxWBS. The RAI uptake ratios at TxWBS were significantly higher in the RT group compared with the OT group; however, follow-up DxWBS showed no difference in RAI uptake ratios. Also, the ablation success rate was similar between the two groups. There were no abnormal findings in follow-up neck ultrasonography in either group.

Conclusion

Remnant thyroid tissue ablation after transaxillary RT was successfully managed by 1.1 GBq RAI. RT showed similar surgical completeness versus conventional OT, and provides a safe and feasible surgical option for PTC patients.     

吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除钉合术治疗重度混合痔的并发症分析

目的 分析吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除钉合术（PPH）治疗重度混合痔的并发症发生情况.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年12月南京医科大学附属杭州医院收治的550例重度混合痔患者的临床资料.重度混合痔患者单纯使用PPH或联合外痔切除术进行治疗,对患者并发症发生情况进行分析.采用定期门诊和电话进行随访,随访时间截至2014年6月.结果 550例患者顺利完成手术,手术时间为（15 ± 10）min,住院时间为（4.2±1.8）d.445例患者获得随访,随访时间为6～60个月,中位随访时间为28个月.患者总并发症发生率为14.61％（65/445）,其中肛门疼痛45例,痔复发12例,出血7例,精细排便功能障碍5例,吻合口狭窄4例,直肠肛周感染2例.12例痔复发患者中,5例经生活指导和药物治疗后症状好转,7例再次行PPH或痔切除术痊愈;4例吻合口狭窄患者中,2例通过定期扩肛缓解,1例通过行肠镜下球囊扩张术症状缓解,1例因狭窄严重保守治疗无效,术后半年行狭窄环形切开术;2例直肠肛周感染患者中,1例经静脉和局部用药后好转,1例并发单纯低位肛瘘经手术治疗后好转;其余患者均经对症处理有不同程度改善或痊愈.结论PPH治疗重度混合痔安全、有效,并发症发生率较低;以肛门疼痛为主的并发症,经对症支持治疗后能够改善或痊愈.     

Tissue‐Engineered Tracheal Reconstruction Using Three‐Dimensionally Printed Artificial Tracheal Graft: Preliminary Report

Three‐dimensional printing has come into the spotlight in the realm of tissue engineering. We intended to evaluate the plausibility of 3D‐printed (3DP) scaffold coated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in fibrin for the repair of partial tracheal defects. MSCs from rabbit bone marrow were expanded and cultured. A half‐pipe‐shaped 3DP polycaprolactone scaffold was coated with the MSCs seeded in fibrin. The half‐pipe tracheal graft was implanted on a 10 × 10‐mm artificial tracheal defect in four rabbits. Four and eight weeks after the operation, the reconstructed sites were evaluated bronchoscopically, radiologically, histologically, and functionally. None of the four rabbits showed any sign of respiratory distress. Endoscopic examination and computed tomography showed successful reconstruction of trachea without any collapse or blockage. The replaced tracheas were completely covered with regenerated respiratory mucosa. Histologic analysis showed that the implanted 3DP tracheal grafts were successfully integrated with the adjacent trachea without disruption or granulation tissue formation. Neo‐cartilage formation inside the implanted graft was sufficient to maintain the patency of the reconstructed trachea. Scanning electron microscope examination confirmed the regeneration of the cilia, and beating frequency of regenerated cilia was not different from those of the normal adjacent mucosa. The shape and function of reconstructed trachea using 3DP scaffold coated with MSCs seeded in fibrin were restored successfully without any graft rejection.     

Proposal of the Surgical Options for Primary Tumor Control During Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery Based on the Discrepancy Between Preoperative and Postoperative Early Gastric Cancer Diagnoses

Background

There is no consensus on the optimal method of primary tumor control, determined by preoperative clinical factors, during sentinel node (SN) navigation surgery for early gastric cancer (EGC). In this study, we investigated the accuracy of clinical diagnosis based on preoperative examination in patients with EGC and proposed surgical options for primary tumor control during SN navigation surgery.

Methods

We analyzed 815 patients with clinical stage IA gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy at the National Cancer Center in Korea between March 2001 and February 2011. The clinical stage was determined by endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, and abdominal computed tomography.

Results

The preoperative assessment of tumor depth and tumor size was accurate in 57.5 and 70.8 % of patients, respectively. Tumor depth and size were underestimated in 8 and 25.3 % of patients. The overall accuracy of histologic diagnosis by endoscopic biopsy was 87.2 %. Of those tumors diagnosed preoperatively as differentiated, 20.5 % revealed mixed histology of undifferentiated type.

Conclusions

The recommendation for SN biopsy may be limited to tumors sized 3 cm or smaller to avoid positive lateral margins and to minimize the risk of skip metastases. Endoscopic resection may safely be applied to small mucosal cancers, but other surgical options should be employed for undifferentiated large mucosal lesions, given their tendency for diffuse invasion. Full-thickness resection is preferable for submucosal cancers, to secure clear vertical margins.     

Prognostic Impact of Microscopic Tumor Involved Resection Margin in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients after Gastric Resection

Background

The prognosis of patients with positive surgical resection margins is dismal in gastric cancer. However, the influence of positive margin itself on prognosis is still uncertain, especially in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). The aims of the present study were to evaluate the prognostic impact of microscopic tumor involved resection margins in stage III–IV AGC after gastric resection in comparison with other well-known factors.

Methods

Among 1,536 consecutive gastric cancer patients who received intentional curative resection for stage III–IV AGC between April 2001 and December 2011 at the National Cancer Center, 35 patients (2.28 %) had positive resection margins on their final histology. A comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics, recurrence pattern, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) was made between positive margin (PM) patients and negative margin (NM) patients.

Results

Among the 35 PM patients, 15 (42.9 %) had proximal involved margins, 21 (60.0 %) had distal involved margins, and one (2.9 %) had both involved margins. Twenty-eight PM patients (80.0 %) were stage III, and 7 (20.0 %) were stage IV. Recurrence was significantly higher in PM than NM (63.6 % vs. 39.7 %, respectively; p = 0.005). The OS and DFS rates were significantly lower in the PM group than in the NM group (14.9 vs. 36.3 months, p < 0.001 and 11.6 vs. 27.1 months, p = 0.005, respectively). The presence of PM was an independent risk factor for both OS and DFS.

Conclusions

The presence of PM is an independent risk factor for OS and DFS. Considering the prognostic impact of PM, a sufficient resection margin should be ensured when determining the resection line in gastrectomy with curative intent. The reoperation to secure clear resection margins should be considered as a treatment of choice in the case of PM.