Comparison between ankle and toe index in patients with peripheral arterial disease

In contrast to the systolic blood pressure at the posterior tibial artery, the evaluation of pressure at the digital artery of the foot before and after exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease is not well known. Twenty three patients with peripheral vascular disease were examined. The systolic pressure was measured by means of an ultrasound velocity detector at the brachial and posterior tibial artery. Digital artery pressure was determined with photoplethysmography. Pressures were measured before and within 5 and 10 minutes after a treadmill test. Ankle and toe index was calculated. At rest the toe index is lower than the ankle index and after a treadmill test the decrease in toe index occurs in parallel to the ankle index.     

Adversity and working class vulnerability to minor affective disorder

In this paper, we examine the proposition that members of lower social classes are more likely than those from higher classes to develop minor affective disorders in the face of adverse experiences. This was examined using data from a psychiatric survey of the general population of Camberwell, S.E. London, U.K. Working class subjects experienced significantly more adversity than their middle class counterparts. However, the relationship between life events and psychiatric disorder was consistent and considerable in the working class group. It was attenuated or non-existent in middle class subjects, depending on the particular categorisation of the data. Log-linear analyses suggested that the basis of this finding was unclear. Both the results and the underlying reasons for them merit further investigation.     

Ultrastructure of aberrant serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the caudate putamen complex of the aged rat

Degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system is associated with morphological changes. Previous observations made at the light microscopical level indicated degeneration of serotonin-immunoreactive (IR) fibers in the aged rat brain. In this study, a comparison at the ultrastructural level was made between serotonin-IR normal thin and aberrant swollen varicose fibers in the caudate-putamen complex of the aged rat. Ultrastructural features such as the size and content of the thin varicose fibers resembled those in the caudate-putamen complex of the young rat as reported by others. The aberrant profiles were swollen, reaching a size of 6 microns. Their vesicles varied in size and were no longer uniformly round. Moreover, distorted mitochondria and membrane-filled vacuolelike structures were a common feature of the aberrant profiles. These changes are indicative of a degenerative process and give further evidence that, whereas many serotonergic fibers are preserved at high age, other serotonergic fibers are degenerating in the caudate-putamen complex of the aged rat.     

Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine Specimens Will Facilitate Large Epidemiological Studies

The serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis-positive urine specimens (n = 81; as detected by PCR and ligase chain reaction) were successfully analyzed in 94% of cases by omp1 PCR-based RFLP analysis. The use of urine specimens and this simple and sensitive typing method will greatly facilitate epidemiological studies of C. trachomatis serovar distribution in asymptomatic C. trachomatis infections in both females and males.     

Male subfertility induced by acute scrotal heating affects embryo quality in normal female mice

The aim of this experiment was to design a suitable mouse model for male subfertility in which to study the effect of decreased sperm quality on embryo quality in vivo and in vitro. To achieve male subfertility, testes of adult male mice were immersed in water at either 42 degrees C (heated) or 33 degrees C (controls) during 20 min. Twenty-eight days after treatment, all heat stressed males showed a significant decrease in relative testis weight [384.7 mg in controls (286.7-460.6) versus 323 mg in stress heated groups (117.9-405.6); P < 0.001], sperm concentration [3.75 x 10(6)/ml (2.75-7.25) versus 1.00 x 10(6)/ml (0-4.00); P < 0.001] and progressive sperm motility [57.5% (48.0-79.0) versus 42.5% (14.0-66.0); P < 0.001]. Moreover, after mating to heat exposed males, not only the number of pregnant females (20/22 versus 18/30) but also the weight of their embryos [275.4 mg (78.7-339.4) versus 261.8 mg (68.1-339.0); P < 0.001] was significantly lower at 14.5 days post coitum when compared to controls. Neither the number of resorption sites nor the number of viable embryos per pregnant female was significantly different between groups. Also, the in-vitro fertilization rate of oocytes, fertilized by spermatozoa collected from heat stressed males, was significantly lower (44.9%; P < 0.0001) when compared to controls (65.1%; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that male subfertility induced by acute scrotal heating may result in impaired sperm quality, reduced embryo weight in vivo and decreased fertilization rate in vitro.      

Treatment of nasopharyngeal inlet stenosis following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with the co2 laser

This report looks at outpatient treatment of nasopharyngeal inlet stenosis, a more commonly seen postoperative complication of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). It does not study the effectiveness of the UPPP for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The authors evaluated six patients who had a UPPP for OSAS, all of whom developed stenosis in the nasopharyngeal inlet ranging from 14 mm to complete closure. Two patients had failed rotation flap repairs. The carbon dioxide laser was used to treat these patients in the office under a local anesthesia in a staged manner. We now have patients from 3 months to 12 months follow-up who have had stenosis treated successfully. We believe that the postoperative complication of nasopharyngeal inlet stenosis after UPPP can be treated in a safe and cost-effective manner in the office setting.     

Development of HPLC plasma assays for CAM 4515 and CAM 4750, two new nonpeptide tachykinin antagonists, and application to bioavailability studies

CAM 4515 and CAM 4750 are new nonpeptide tachykinin NK₁ receptor antagonists with different lipophilicities. Two separate, simple, and sensitive HPLC methods for the quantitation of these two compounds in plasma and the evaluation of their oral bioavailability in rats were developed and validated. Extraction of CAM 4515 from plasma involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile, while that for CAM 4750 involved a one-step liquid-liquid extraction with methylene chloride. The analytes in extracts were chromatographed on a C18 column using two different separation buffers, 47% 0.02 M sodium citrate (pH 3.5)-53% acetonitrile for CAM 4515 and 59% 0.02 M potassium phosphate dibasic (pH 7.0)-41% acetonitrile for CAM 4750, and both compounds were detected by fluorescence (excitation 278 nm; emission 342 nm). Stability profiles of both drugs at −20°C or room temperature in plasma and in reconstituted buffers were good. The limit of quantitation for both drugs was 5 ng ml⁻¹ with good linearity from 5 to 1000 ng ml⁻¹ using 100–200 μl of plasma. Excellent precision (relative standard deviation < 8.3%) and accuracy (relative error ± 9.2%) were observed for both CAM 4515 and CAM 4750. Oral bioavailability studies were conducted for each compound in rats receiving a p.o. dose of 20 mg kg⁻¹ and an i.v. dose of 5 mg kg⁻¹. The absolute oral bioavailability of CAM 4750 (80%) was estimated to be 40-fold greater than that of CAM 4515 (2%). The experimental results suggest that incorporation of a pyridine group into the structural backbone may greatly improve bioavailability.     

Treatment planning in residential institutions

In child and youth care in the Netherlands, systematic planning of treatment is more and more considered to be a condition for effective and well founded treatment. Although workers are convinced of the benefits of treatment plans, treatment planning is not yet a natural and integrated part of residential care. There are several pressure points. In this article a model of treatment planning will be presented that contributes to an answer to these pressure points. The theoretical bases and the practical implications of this model will be discussed.