Central nervous system diseases related to pathological microglial phagocytosis

Microglia are important phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). They play an important role in protecting the CNS by clearing necrotic tissue and apoptotic cells in many CNS diseases. However, recent studies have found that microglia can phagocytose parts of neurons excessively, such as the neuronal cell body, synapse, or myelin sheaths, before or after the onset of CNS diseases, leading to aggravated injury and impaired tissue repair. Meanwhile, reduced phagocytosis of synapses and myelin results in abnormal circuit connections and inhibition of remyelination, respectively. Previous studies focused primarily on the positive effects of microglia phagocytosis, whereas only a few studies have focused on the negative effects. In this review, we use the term "pathological microglial phagocytosis" to refer to excessive or reduced phagocytosis by microglia that leads to structural or functional abnormalities in target cells and brain tissue. The classification of pathological microglial phagocytosis, the composition, and activation of related signaling pathways, as well as the process of pathological phagocytosis in various kinds of CNS diseases, are described in this review. We hypothesize that pathological microglial phagocytosis leads to aggravation of tissue damage and negative functional outcome. For example, excessive microglial phagocytosis of synapses can be observed in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, leading to significant synapse loss and memory impairment. In Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury, excessive microglial phagocytosis of neuronal cell bodies causes impaired gray matter recovery and sensory dysfunction. We therefore believe that more studies should focus on the mechanism of pathological microglial phagocytosis and activation to uncover potential targets of therapeutic intervention.     

Ultrasound with Microbubble Contrast Agent and Urokinase for Thrombosis

This study was aimed at assessing the effects of urokinase (UK) in combination with ultrasound and microbubbles in in vitro and in vivo thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Thrombi with formation times of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 d were used for thrombolysis. Forty-five adult mongrel dogs were used to evaluate thrombosis in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses revealed that UK?+?microbubbles had the best effect among the combinations. Thrombolysis <7 d was more effective at a thrombolysis rate of about 50%, but the thrombolytic effect of thrombi >7 d was poor at thrombolysis rates <30%. Ultrasound?+?UK significantly increased the thrombolysis rate of thrombi <7 d. These results suggest that the combination of ultrasound with microbubble contrast agents and UK may have a synergistic effect on thrombolysis.     

广东梅州地区性病门诊3824例支原体检测及药敏分析

目的 了解梅州地区性病门诊就诊患者支原体引起泌尿生殖道感染的状况及支原体感染的药敏情况.方法 2008年8月至2011年3月对性病门诊拟诊为尿道炎、阴道炎或宫颈炎的3 824例就诊者,采用珠海迪尔生物工程公司支原体培养、药敏一体化试剂盒进行支原体培养,并对阳性患者进行12种抗生素的药敏试验.结果 共培养出1 103例支原体感染者(阳性率28.24%),解脲支原体(Uu)743株(67.36%),人型支原体(Mh)24株(2.18%),两种支原体混合感染336株(30.46%).对Uu药敏感率最高的药物为交沙霉素,其次为多西环素和美满霉素;对Mh及Uu/Mh两种支原体混合感染药物敏感也呈同样趋势.对Uu耐药最高的是环丙沙星,其次是红霉素和氧氟沙星;对Mh耐药最高的红霉素,其次是阿奇霉素和克拉霉素,对Uu/Mh两种支原体混合感染耐药最高的是红霉素,其次是氧氟沙星和罗红霉素.结论 临床用药应该考虑该地区耐药株的流行情况,最好按照药敏试验结果合理用药.     

柴胡解毒汤联合干扰素治疗慢性乙肝的疗效和对细胞因子的影响及机制

目的:观察柴胡解毒汤在治慢性乙型肝炎方面的临床疗效,并借此探讨该方对细胞因子的影响。方法:选取2015年9月至2016年3月重庆三峡高等专科学校附属医院收治的慢性乙型肝炎患者90例,随机分成对照组和观察组,每组45例。对照组采用干扰素注射,1次/d,连续2周后,再改为隔日1次,连用3个月;观察组在使用干扰素基础上采用中药柴胡解毒汤治疗,2次/d,同样治疗14 d后观察2组治疗的临床疗效、肝功能比较、药物不良反应、血清IL-1β、IL-6、5-HT及TNF-α水平的变化、HBs Ag、HBe A、HBV-DNA阴转率等情况。结果:1)治疗后观察组有效率86.67%,对照组有效率68.89%,2组有效率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2)2组与治疗前比较,肝功能指标均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组ALT、AST及TBIL值均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3)不良反应中,对照组出现10例(33.00%),观察组4例(8.80%),观察组不良反应明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);4)2组患者在治疗前,检测的血清IL-1β、IL-6、5-HT及TNF-α含量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而组间治疗后比较,观察组明显低于对照组,治疗后,上述指标均较治疗前下降,但观察组下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);5)观察组HBs Ag阴转率为24.4%、HBe Ag阴转率为33.3%、HBV-DNA阴转率为48.8%均明显高于对照组,对照组HBs Ag阴转率为15.5%、HBe Ag阴转率为11.1%、HBV-DNA阴转率为28.9%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:柴胡解毒汤在治疗慢性乙肝方面有显著的临床效果,且不良反应较传统干扰素明显降低,值得推广,同时,该药对细胞因子等指标也有明显降低作用,考虑其可能是通过类似机制起作用。     

Short-term cloud coverage prediction using the ARIMA time series model

In view of the important role of cloud coverage on the solar (energy) irradiance, the total cloud coverage prediction based on ground-based cloud images is studied in this paper. In traditional prediction techniques, the correlation between cloud coverage over continue time is always neglected. Thus, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model is used to predict the short-term cloud coverage. Experimental results on a collected time series database of cloud coverage computed from ground-based cloud images show that the correlation information of time series is useful for cloud coverage prediction. Additionally, the ARIMA model gains a superior prediction performance for forecasts of one minute or longer 20 and 30 minutes. We are able to predict the cloud coverage with an approximate error of 5%, 7%, and 9% for 1, 5, and 20 and 30 minute forecasts, respectively. Furthermore, we found that there are different error rates of predictions for different cloud coverage intervals. High cloud coverage always suffers from a higher error rate.