Genotype prevalence and risk factors for severe clinical adenovirus infection, United States 2004-2006.

BACKGROUND: Recently, epidemiological and clinical data have revealed important changes with regard to clinical adenovirus infection, including alterations in antigenic presentation, geographical distribution, and virulence of the virus. METHODS: In an effort to better understand the epidemiology of clinical adenovirus infection in the United States, we adopted a new molecular adenovirus typing technique to study clinical adenovirus isolates collected from 22 medical facilities over a 25-month period during 2004-2006. A hexon gene sequence typing method was used to characterize 2237 clinical adenovirus-positive specimens, comparing their sequences with those of the 51 currently recognized prototype human adenovirus strains. In a blinded comparison, this method performed well and was much faster than the classic serologic typing method. RESULTS: Among civilians, the most prevalent adenovirus types were types 3 (prevalence, 34.6%), 2 (24.3%), 1 (17.7%), and 5 (5.3%). Among military trainees, the most prevalent types were types 4 (prevalence, 92.8%), 3 (2.6%), and 21 (2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: For both populations, we observed a statistically significant increasing trend of adenovirus type 21 detection over time. Among adenovirus isolates recovered from specimens from civilians, 50% were associated with hospitalization, 19.6% with a chronic disease condition, 11% with a bone marrow or solid organ transplantation, 7.4% with intensive care unit stay, and 4.2% with a cancer diagnosis. Multivariable risk factor modeling for adenovirus disease severity found that age <7 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-7.4), chronic disease (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.6-5.1), recent transplantation (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.2), and adenovirus type 5 (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5-4.7) or type 21 infection (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 2.6-22.3) increased the risk of severe disease.     

Neuropathological study 16 years after autologous adrenal medullary transplantation in a Parkinson's disease patient.

To date, there is no clinicopathological correlation of adrenal medullary transplant cases in patients with survival beyond a few years. Postmortem examination of a brain from a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD), 16 years after autologous adrenal medullary transplant, was performed using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and chromogranin A. The patient experienced a four-year initial improvement in motor function followed by resumption of the progressive nature of her disease that continued until her death. She expired 16 years following grafting. At autopsy, TH stain of the brain revealed severe loss of TH-immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and Lewy bodies, confirming the diagnosis of PD. The transplant site was identified by the presence of scarring and there was complete absence of any TH staining cells at the site of the transplant. There were few surviving cells staining with chromogranin A. The absence of TH-staining cells in the transplant 16 years after surgery provides further evidence that adrenal medullary transplants do not survive in the long term.     

Reproducibility of 18F-FDG microPET studies in mouse tumor xenografts.

(18)F-FDG has been used to image mouse xenograft models with small-animal PET for therapy response. However, the reproducibility of serial scans has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of (18)F-FDG small-animal PET studies. METHODS: Mouse tumor xenografts were formed with B16F10 murine melanoma cells. A 7-min small-animal PET scan was performed 1 h after a 3.7- to 7.4-MBq (18)F-FDG injection via the tail vein. A second small-animal PET scan was performed 6 h later after reinjection of (18)F-FDG. Twenty-five sets of studies were performed. Mean injected dose per gram (%ID/g) values were calculated from tumor regions of interest. The coefficient of variation (COV) from studies performed on the same day was calculated to determine the reproducibility. Activity from the second scans performed after 6 h were adjusted by subtracting the estimated residual activity from the first (18)F-FDG injection. For 7 datasets, an additional scan immediately before the second injection was performed, and residual activity from this additional delayed scan was subtracted from the activity of the second injection. COVs of both subtraction methods were compared. Blood glucose values were measured at the time of injection and used to correct the %ID/g values. RESULTS: The COV for the mean %ID/g between (18)F-FDG small-animal PET scans performed on the same day 6 h apart was 15.4% +/- 12.6%. The delayed scan subtraction method did not produce any significant change in the COV. Blood glucose correction increased the COV. The injected dose, tumor size, and body weight did not appear to contribute to the variability of the scans. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG small-animal PET mouse xenograft studies were reproducible with moderately low variability. Therefore, serial small-animal PET studies may be performed with reasonable accuracy to measure tumor response to therapy.     

Comparison of iohexol 300 and diatrizoate meglumine 60 for body CT: image quality, adverse reactions, and aborted/repeated examinations.

Six hundred patients were prospectively randomized and given either diatrizoate meglumine 60 or iohexol 300 during dynamic contrast-enhanced body CT in order to compare image quality, contrast reactions, and the number of aborted studies or studies in which images had to be repeated. Three hundred two patients received iohexol 300, and 298 patients received diatrizoate meglumine 60. Thirty-nine percent (119/302) of the patients given iohexol 300 and 63% (188/298) of the patients given diatrizoate meglumine 60 had at least one adverse reaction thought to be related to contrast material during, or within 24 hr of, the body CT scan. When reactions of discomfort (heat or warmth, flushing, bad taste) were excluded, 16% (48/302) of the patients who received iohexol and 33% (99/298) of the patients who were given diatrizoate meglumine 60 had at least one adverse reaction. The differences in both types of reactions between the two agents were significant (p less than .001). Among scans evaluated for study quality, 71% (214/302) of the iohexol 300 group and 62% (184/298) of the diatrizoate meglumine 60 group had optimal enhancement (p = .02). However, when the optimal and adequate categories were combined, 301 of 302 patients given iohexol 300 and 292 of 298 patients given diatrizoate meglumine 60 had diagnostic-quality studies (no statistical difference). Studies were not terminated nor were images repeated in 97% (292/302) of the patients given iohexol 300 and in 94% (280/298) of those given diatrizoate meglumine 60. The CT study was repeated because of movement during the contrast injection or aborted because of contrast-related reactions in 0.7% of the patients given iohexol 300 and in 3.0% of the patients given diatrizoate meglumine 60. This difference was statistically significant (p = .04). Our results suggest that the difference in image quality, number of adverse reactions, and number of aborted/repeated CT scans performed with iohexol 300 or diatrizoate meglumine 60 are not sufficiently different to warrant conversion to nonionic agents for body CT scans.     

Carbonic anhydrase II expression in fibrous astrocytes of the sheep

Immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II (CAII) was demonstrated in a population of fibrous astrocytes in a young lamb and an adult sheep. Such cells were identified by co-expression of CAII and glial fibrillary acidic protein, nuclear morphology and their contribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein reactive processes to the glial limitans. Similar cells were not identified in neonatal lambs. As in man and mouse, CAII was also expressed in choroid plexus epithelium occurring in neonate, young and adult sheep brain. In contrast, however, to man and mouse, CAII was not expressed in sheep oligodendrocytes.