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PS Spencer K Vandemaele M Richer VS Palmer S Chungong M Anker Y Ayana ML Opoka BN Klaucke A Quarello JK Tumwine 《African health sciences》2013,13(2):183-204
Background
Nodding Syndrome is a seizure disorder of children in Mundri County, Western Equatoria, South Sudan. The disorder is reported to be spreading in South Sudan and northern Uganda.Objective
To describe environmental, nutritional, infectious, and other factors that existed before and during the de novo 1991 appearance and subsequent increase in cases through 2001.Methods
Household surveys, informant interviews, and case-control studies conducted in Lui town and Amadi village in 2001–2002 were supplemented in 2012 by informant interviews in Lui and Juba, South Sudan.Results
Nodding Syndrome was associated with Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans infections, with food use of a variety of sorghum (serena) introduced as part of an emergency relief program, and was inversely associated with a history of measles infection. There was no evidence to suggest exposure to a manmade neurotoxic pollutant or chemical agent, other than chemically dressed seed intended for planting but used for food. Food use of cyanogenic plants was documented, and exposure to fungal contaminants could not be excluded.Conclusion
Nodding Syndrome in South Sudan has an unknown etiology. Further research is recommended on the association of Nodding Syndrome with onchocerciasis/mansonelliasis and neurotoxins in plant materials used for food. 相似文献24.
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for 90% of post-transfusion hepatitis. In Uganda, there has been limited research of prevalence of HCV among sickle cell anaemia (SS) patients, a group at risk for multiple transfusions.Objectives
To establish prevalence of HCV infection and determine whether blood transfusion increases risk among SS patients.Methods
244 SS patients aged 1–18 years were recruited by consecutive sampling. Socio-demographic, clinical and transfusion history was collected. Clinical examination done and blood tested for HCV by MEIA.Results
244 children were recruited. Of these, 159 (65%) had a history of blood transfusion. Among the transfused, five patients were HCV positive. Four of these were over 12 years of age. Among patients with no history of transfusion, one patient aged 14 years was HCV positive. Risk of HCV was higher among the transfused OR 2.7(CI 0.31–24). Patients who received more than two units were more likely to be HCV positive (p=0.03).Conclusions
HCV prevalence of 2.5% was low but higher than that reported by other investigators in Uganda. Blood transfusion was a major contributing factor in occurrence of HCV. Children who get repeated transfusions should be screened for Hepatitis C and screening of blood for HCV prior to transfusion would help reduce occurrence of the disease. 相似文献25.
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High efficacy of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir and impact of baseline resistance‐associated substitutions in hepatitis C genotype 3 infection 下载免费PDF全文
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Hepatitis C reinfection with protease inhibitor‐resistant hepatitis C virus in an HIV‐coinfected MSM
Gül R. Yilmaz Christoph Boesecke Carolynne Schwarze‐Zander Jürgen K. Rockstroh 《Liver international》2020,40(1):47-50
There is an ongoing global hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic mainly related to high‐risk behaviour in persons who inject drugs (PWID) and in HIV‐infected men who have sex with men (MSM) which continues to fuel the HCV epidemic. Treatment of HCV infection with direct antiviral therapy (DAA) has been very successful in the last decade. Main obstacles for HCV elimination are HCV reinfections observed in PWID and HIV‐infected MSM. We present here an HIV‐infected MSM patient who has been reinfected thrice with HCV. The virus which was investigated from his last reinfection episode reveals transmission of a newly acquired HCV protease inhibitor (PI) resistance, despite not having been exposed to HCV‐PIs during his last DAA therapy. 相似文献
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The Andreasen Scale (SANS), an instrument for evaluating negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients, was translated at the Psychiatric Hospital of Munich and tested on 35 chronic schizophrenic inpatients at the Regensburg State Mental Hospital. In addition, psychopathology was evaluated with the BPRS, sociodemographic data were collected, and cognitive performance was evaluated by the MMS. Also, VBR was determined on the basis of CAT scans. Our results suggest that the SANS is a reliable instrument for measuring negative symptoms; however, the symptom complexes are affected by age, duration of illness and hospitalization, thus making a clear distinction between negative symptoms per se and the effects of hospitalization questionable. 相似文献
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Nattermann J Nischalke HD Hofmeister V Kupfer B Ahlenstiel G Feldmann G Rockstroh J Weiss EH Sauerbruch T Spengler U 《Antiviral therapy》2005,10(1):95-107
HIV has evolved several strategies to evade recognition by the host immune system including down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. However, reduced expression of MHC class I molecules may stimulate natural killer (NK) cell lysis in cells of haematopoietic lineage. Here, we describe how HIV counteracts stimulation of NK cells by stabilizing surface expression of the non-classical MHC class I molecule, HLA-E. We demonstrate enhanced expression of HLA-E on lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients and show that in vitro infection of lymphocytes with HIV results in up-regulation of HLA-E expression and reduced susceptibility to NK cell cytotoxicity. Using HLA-E transfected K-562 cells, we identified the well-known HIV T-cell epitope p24 aa14-22a as a ligand for HLA-E that stabilizes surface expression of HLA-E, favouring inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity. These results propose HIV-mediated up-regulation of HLA-E expression as an additional evasion strategy targeting the antiviral activities of NK cells, which may contribute to the capability of the virus in establishing chronic infection. 相似文献