Inhibition of enamel demineralization by buffering effect of S‐PRG filler‐containing dental sealant

The buffering capacity and inhibitory effects on enamel demineralization of two commercially available dental sealants were evaluated in this study. The effects of filler particles were also examined. Disks of enamel and cured sealant materials of BeautiSealant (silica or S‐PRG filler) or Teethmate F‐1 were incubated in lactic acid solutions (pH 4.0) for 1–6 d. The pH changes and amounts of ions released in the solutions were assessed, and enamel surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The pH of the solution with BeautiSealant (S‐PRG filler) was neutralized from pH 4.0 to pH 6.1 (after incubation for 1 d) and from pH 4.0 to pH 6.7 (after incubation for 6 d). In addition, no release of calcium ions was detected and the enamel surface was morphologically intact in scanning electron microscopy images. However, the pH of the solution with Teethmate F‐1 remained below pH 4.0 during incubation from days 1 to 6. Calcium release was increased in solutions up to and after 6 d of incubation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the structures of hydroxyapatite rods were exposed at the specimen surfaces as a result of demineralization. Ions released from S‐PRG filler‐containing dental sealant rapidly buffered the lactic acid solution and inhibited enamel demineralization.     

Pneumatic tube transport affects platelet function measured by multiplate electrode aggregometry

Multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) is used to measure platelet function. Pneumatic tube transport systems (PTS) for delivery of patient samples to a central laboratory are often used to reduce turnaround time for vital analyses. We evaluated the effects of PTS transport on platelet function as measured by MEA.     

Neuromedin s is a novel anorexigenic hormone

A novel 36-amino acid neuropeptide, neuromedin S (NMS), has recently been identified in rat brain and has been shown to be an endogenous ligand for two orphan G protein-coupled receptors, FM-3/GPR66 and FM-4/TGR-1. These receptors have been identified as neuromedin U (NMU) receptor type 1 and type 2, respectively. In this study, the physiological role of the novel peptide, NMS, on feeding regulation was investigated. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of NMS decreased 12-h food intake during the dark period in rats. This anorexigenic effect was more potent and persistent than that observed with the same dose of NMU. Neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, and agouti-related protein-induced food intake was counteracted by coadministration of NMS. Icv administration of NMS increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and CRH mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Pretreatment with SHU9119 (antagonist for alpha-MSH) and alpha-helical corticotropin-releasing factor-(9-41) (antagonist for CRH) attenuated NMS-induced suppression of 24-h food intake. After icv injection of NMS, Fos-immunoreactive cells were detected in both the PVN and Arc. When neuronal multiple unit activity was recorded in the PVN before and after icv injection of NMS, a significant increase in firing rate was observed 5 min after administration, and this increase continued for 100 min. These results suggest that the novel peptide, NMS, may be a potent anorexigenic hormone in the hypothalamus, and that expression of proopiomelanocortin mRNA in the Arc and CRH mRNA in the PVN may be involved in NMS action on feeding.     

Should We Reintroduce Previous Venous Thromboembolism Into Decision-Making for Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation?

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate whether history of venous thromboembolism should be considered a prognostic factor for future thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation.MethodsThis was a nationwide cohort study of patients with incident atrial fibrillation from 2000-2017, defined and characterized using Danish health registries. Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the outcomes ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, and ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, or venous thromboembolism, according to history of venous thromboembolism. Analyses were adjusted for components of the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score and time-varying use of oral anticoagulation.ResultsThe study included 246,313 patients with incident atrial fibrillation, of which 6,516 (2.6%) had previous venous thromboembolism. Patients with previous venous thromboembolism carried an overall similar adjusted risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism compared with patients without previous venous thromboembolism (reference; hazard ratio 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.09). When analyzing a composite thromboembolic outcome of ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, or venous thromboembolism, patients with previous venous thromboembolism were at high-risk (hazard ratio 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.64-1.90). Similar conclusions were drawn when stratifying by venous thromboembolism subtype, and when restricting to patients with low CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores or the non-anticoagulated subset of the study population.ConclusionPatients with atrial fibrillation and previous venous thromboembolism carried similar risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism compared with patients with atrial fibrillation without previous venous thromboembolism. Nonetheless, patients with previous venous thromboembolism remain a high-risk population due to an excess risk of future venous thromboembolism. Patients and physicians should keep this excess thromboembolic risk in mind when weighing the expected risks and benefits of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation.     

Mesenteric Cyst with GI Symptoms: A Fluid Approach to Treatment—Case Report and Literature Review

Digestive Diseases and Sciences - Mesenteric cysts are defined as a heterogeneous group of intra-abdominal cystic lesions of the mesentery or omentum that may be found in any portion of the...     

Comparison of three treatment approaches to decreasing cardiovascular disease risk in nondiabetic insulin-resistant dyslipidemic subjects

The efficacy of fenofibrate (FEN), rosiglitazone (RSG), or a calorie-restricted diet (CRD) to reduce cardiovascular disease risk was compared in 37 overweight/obese insulin-resistant nondiabetic subjects. Insulin sensitivity, fasting lipids and lipoproteins, and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, and triglycerides were measured before and after 3 months of treatment with FEN, RSG, or CRD. Weight decreased in the CRD group, but did not change significantly after treatment with either drug. Insulin sensitivity improved significantly in the CRD- and RSG-treated groups, but to a greater extent in those administered RSG, without a significant difference comparing FEN treatment with the CRD. Total cholesterol was significantly lower after FEN and CRD treatment. Fasting plasma triglycerides decreased significantly in the FEN- and CRD-treated groups, but postprandial concentrations decreased in only FEN-treated subjects. Significant decreases in postprandial glucose and insulin were seen in only the RSG- and CRD-treated groups. FEN administration improved dyslipidemia in these subjects without changing insulin sensitivity, whereas insulin sensitivity was enhanced in RSG-treated patients without improvement in dyslipidemia. Weight loss in the CRD group led to improvements in both insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia, but the change in the former was less than in RSG-treated patients, and improvement in lipid metabolism not as great as with FEN. In conclusion, there did not appear to be 1 therapeutic intervention that effectively treated all metabolic abnormalities present in these patients at greatly increased risk of cardiovascular disease.     

Primary Sj?gren's syndrome with antibodies to HTLV-I: clinical and laboratory features.

The prevalence of antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was studied in patients with primary Sjögren''s syndrome. Thirteen of 36 serum samples were positive by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and particle agglutination assay for antibodies to HTLV-I and were confirmed by western blotting. The presence of antibodies to HTLV-I may signify an HTLV-I carrier state. These patients had a high occurrence of extraglandular manifestations such as uveitis, myopathy, and recurrent high fever compared with patients who did not have antibodies to HTLV-I. Patients with antibodies to HTLV-I had an increased spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with those without the antibodies. The proportions of activated and memory T cells (HLA-DR+ CD3+, CD25+ CD3+, and CD29+ CD4+ cells) were higher in HTLV-I carriers than in non-carriers. The presence of antibodies to HTLV-I in some patients with primary Sjögren''s syndrome suggests that HTLV-I may cause primary Sjögren''s syndrome or its extraglandular manifestations, or both.     

Women in the time of AIDS: barriers, bargains, and benefits.

We comment here on the implications of new HIV prevention technologies (physical and chemical barriers) for women's health and women's rights. Four relevant themes are selected that have emerged in the social and behavioral science literature: structural factors (global and national) limiting the availability of female condoms, control and empowerment with female-initiated HIV prevention technologies, covert use of female-initiated HIV prevention technologies, and male partners as part of the bargain for barriers. There is now a rich and diverse literature on all of these issues, relevant and informative (much is addressed in this issue), which we draw together in this commentary. Discussion of these themes suggests guidelines for policy, research, and action. First, the misconceptions, biases, and prejudices of global and national leaders, including donors, necessitate that we persevere in presenting data to them and engaging them in discussion. Second, we need to support women within their local social contexts to negotiate for their rights, balancing pragmatic approaches to their partners in their initiation of protection, and applying according to each situation as appropriate, a continuum from discretion and clandestine use to deception. Third, men have to be brought in as active participants, and their positive and negative experiences and interests inserted into practices and policies.