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41.
Gupta IR, Ryan AK. Claudins: unlocking the code to tight junction function during embryogenesis and in disease. Claudins are the structural and molecular building blocks of tight junctions. Individual cells express more than one claudin family member, which suggests that a combinatorial claudin code that imparts flexibility and dynamic regulation of tight junction function could exist. Although we have learned much from manipulating claudin expression and function in cell lines, loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function experiments in animal model systems are essential for understanding how claudin‐based boundaries function in the context of a living embryo and/or tissue. These in vivo manipulations have pointed to roles for claudins in maintaining the epithelial integrity of cell layers, establishing micro‐environments and contributing to the overall shape of an embryo or tissue. In addition, loss‐of‐function mutations in combination with the characterization of mutations in human disease have demonstrated the importance of claudins in regulating paracellular transport of solutes and water during normal physiological states. In this review, we will discuss specific examples of in vivo studies that illustrate the function of claudin family members during development and in disease. 相似文献
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43.
Influence of diets containing high and low risk factors for colon cancer on early stages of carcinogenesis in human flora-associated (HFA) rats 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
Hambly RJ; Rumney CJ; Cunninghame M; Fletcher JM; Rijken PJ; Rowland IR 《Carcinogenesis》1997,18(8):1535-1539
Germ-free rats colonised with a human intestinal flora were fed diets
containing high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) factors for colorectal cancer,
and putative biomarkers were evaluated in the colonic mucosa; (i)
proliferation, (ii) 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced aberrant crypt foci
and (iii) DMH-induced DNA damage. The HR diet was high in fat (45% of
calories) and low in calcium and fibre, reflecting levels characteristic of
typical western diets. The LR diet was low in fat (<5% of calories), and
high in calcium and fibre. The nutrient/energy ratio of the two diets were
similar. Mucosal crypt cell proliferation, assessed after microdissection,
was higher on the LR diet (mean number of mitoses per crypt was 2.65 on the
LR diet, and 1.62 on the HR diet; P < 0.05). Aberrant crypt foci (ACF)
were assessed in the mucosa 12 weeks after DMH treatment. On the HR diet
there were significantly more small ACF with 1 and 2 crypts per focus, but
fewer ACF with 3, 5 and 7 or more crypts per focus. There was no
significant difference in total ACF or the total number of crypts. The
effect of diet on DNA damage in the colon was assessed in vivo by the comet
assay. Animals were fed a HR or LR diet for 12 weeks before treatment with
DMH or saline. For carcinogen-treated animals, DNA damage was significantly
higher in colon cells from animals on the HR diet. On the LR diet both DNA
damage and the induction of small ACF were reduced despite an increase in
cell proliferation. The increase in large ACF on the LR diet may be
attributable to elevated crypt cell proliferation possibly increasing crypt
fission rates.
相似文献
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45.
Acoustic neuromas: Gd-DTPA enhancement in MR imaging 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examinations were performed in ten patients with 12 acoustic neuromas before and after intravenous administration of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). The degree of enhancement was greatest with the inversion recovery sequence 1,500/500/44 (repetition time [TR]/inversion time/echo delay time [TE]), followed by spin-echo (SE) 544/44 (TR/TE) sequences, then by SE 1,500/44 and SE 1,500/80 sequences. After enhancement there was a 50% reduction for measured T1 values, 33% for T2, and no significant change for proton density. There were no toxic effects on patients. Enhanced CT scans failed to demonstrate lesions in six of 12 cases. Air-CT technique improved sensitivity in four of five cases. Enhanced MR imaging added significant clinical information in two small intracanalicular tumors and in one recurrent tumor. 相似文献
46.
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48.
Performance of the OptiMAL assay for detection and identification of malaria infections in asymptomatic residents of Irian Jaya, Indonesia 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fryauff DJ Purnomo Sutamihardja MA Elyazar IR Susanti I Krisin Subianto B Marwoto H 《The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene》2000,63(3-4):139-145
The OptiMAL assay, a new immunochromatographic "dipstick" test for malaria based on detection of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), is purported to detect infections of approximately 200 parasites/microL of blood and to differentiate between Plasmodium falciparum and non-P. falciparum. We evaluated OptiMAL performance by comparing the test strip interpretations of two independent readers with consensus results obtained independently by expert malaria microscopists. Unbiased measures of sensitivity were derived by applying the OptiMAL test for detection and differentiation of light, asymptomatic infections by P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. OptiMAL readings were separated in time to determine whether the reaction signal was stable. Microscopy identified infections in 225 of 505 individuals screened; those with P. falciparum (n = 170) averaged 354 asexual forms/microL and P. vivax/Plasmodium malariae (n = 112) averaged 216 asexual forms/microL of blood. Concordance between OptiMAL and microscopy was 81% and 78% by the two independent readings. The assay's sensitivity for detection of any malaria species was 60.4% and 70.2% respectively and specificity was 97% and 89%. Most cases identified by microscopy as P. falciparum were graded as negative or non-falciparum by both OptiMAL readers. OptiMAL false negatives as well as misidentifications were related to low parasitemias (< 500/microL). The OptiMAL assay demonstrated 88-92% sensitivity for detecting infections of 500-1,000 parasites/microL, a range covering the mean parasitemia of primary symptomatic P. falciparum infections in malaria-na?ve Indonesian transmigrants. This device was markedly less sensitive than expert microscopy for discriminating between malaria species and is presently unsuited for use as an epidemiological screening tool. The OptiMAL assay is not approved for diagnostic use but is commercially available for research purposes only. 相似文献
49.
Krisin Basri H Fryauff DJ Barcus MJ Bangs MJ Ayomi E Marwoto H Elyazar IR Richie TL Baird JK 《Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology》2003,97(6):543-556
The epidemiology of infection by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax was investigated among Javanese migrants to an endemic region of Papua, Indonesia. A cohort of 243 migrants from Java was followed for malaria in a new settlement village in the endemic Armopa area of north-eastern Papua, beginning on the day each migrant arrived in the village. The subjects were monitored during home visits (three/week) and by the twice-monthly production of bloodsmears that were checked for malarial parasites. At the end of 33 months, 159 (65%) of the subjects remained under follow-up. The prevalence of parasitaemia in the village declined from 16% among those already living there when the study began in August 1996, to 5% when the study finished in June 1999. Over this period, 596 infections by P. falciparum and 723 by P. vivax occurred in the cohort, 22 and 27 of the subjects each experiencing at least six infections by P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. The incidence of malarial infection was higher during the first and second years post-migration (3.2 and 2.7 infections/person-year) than during the third (1.2 infections/person-year). Although the geometric mean parasite counts for P. falciparum increased over time (1209, 1478, and 1830 parasites/microl in the first, second and third years, respectively), the corresponding values for P. vivax (497, 535 and 490 parasites/microl) showed no such trend. Only one of the nine subjects who developed severe malaria (requiring intravenous quinine therapy) was a child, giving an odds ratio for a case of severe malaria being in an adult of 6.1 (P=0.08). 相似文献
50.
AR Godden MJ Marshall AS Grice IR Daniels 《Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England》2013,95(8):591-594