Do we need pacemakers resistant to magnetic resonance imaging?

AIMS: Manufacturers of pacemakers (PM) and of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices state that MRI scanning of PM wearers is contraindicated. This paper tries to summarise which effects can interfere with PM, what can be hazardous, and how treatment of PM in MRI can be modified to guarantee compatibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All PM tested were from deceased patients. Reed contact thresholds and reactions were investigated in low magnetostatic fields and compared with those in strong magnetostatic fields. Influence of gradient fields on PM and heating due to radiofrequency (RF) pulses were estimated. Thirty Legal Medicine Departments were questioned whether deaths of PM patients during MRI are known. RESULTS: Reed contacts are influenced above 0.7 mT. In MRI fields only 28% of the PM in magnet mode remained so in all orientations. Of synchronous PM, 76% remained synchronous in all orientations. Gradient fields can influence sensing but cannot stimulate. Power density and temperature rise produced by RF fall rapidly with distance. Our question revealed six deaths. All suffered from sick-sinus-syndrome and all were not PM dependent. In three cases ventricular fibrillation was proven as the cause of death. DISCUSSION: Asynchronous pacing due to magnetostatic and gradient fields may be problematic in patients with spontaneous rhythm. To avoid them, PM triggered MRI scan restricted to refractory period is proposed. Neither inhibition of PM nor heating of the electrode poses real risks. So far, we have examined eight patients 12 times in MRI triggered mode without problems.     

Assessment of Viral Targeted Sequence Capture Using Nanopore Sequencing Directly from Clinical Samples

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMg) enables the simultaneous detection and characterization of viruses in human, animal and environmental samples. However, lack of sensitivity still poses a challenge and may lead to poor detection and data acquisition for detailed analysis. To improve sensitivity, we assessed a broad scope targeted sequence capture (TSC) panel (ViroCap) in both human and animal samples. Moreover, we adjusted TSC for the Oxford Nanopore MinION and compared the performance to an SMg approach. TSC on the Illumina NextSeq served as the gold standard. Overall, TSC increased the viral read count significantly in challenging human samples, with the highest genome coverage achieved using the TSC on the MinION. TSC also improved the genome coverage and sequencing depth in clinically relevant viruses in the animal samples, such as influenza A virus. However, SMg was shown to be adequate for characterizing a highly diverse animal virome. TSC on the MinION was comparable to the NextSeq and can provide a valuable alternative, offering longer reads, portability and lower initial cost. Developing new viral enrichment approaches to detect and characterize significant human and animal viruses is essential for the One Health Initiative.     

Paragonimiasis as an Important Alternative Misdiagnosed Disease for Suspected Acid-fast Bacilli Sputum Smear–Negative Tuberculosis

The purpose of this report is to compare the prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal fluke (Ov/MIF) in Lao People''s Democratic Republic according to different regions and evaluate the effect of ingestion of raw freshwater fish on the infection. Demographic data, behavioral data, and symptoms were obtained, and the Kato–Katz method was used for the diagnosis of Ov/MIF. In total, 3,046 individuals were enrolled. The risk factors associated with acquisition of Ov/MIF were raw fish consumption and province. Khong Island showed the highest prevalence (odds ratio = 80.1, 95% confidence interval = 47.9–133.9, P < 0.001) compared with other districts, and raw fish consumption was related to Ov/MIF infection. Administration of praziquantel to entire populations, education (avoiding consumption of raw food dishes and improved hygiene), and access to clean water and sanitation should be considered.