Interaction of niacin and zinc metabolism in patients with alcoholic pellagra

The effect of zinc supplementation on the metabolism of tryptophan conversion to niacin was studied in 14 alcoholic patients with pellagra and in 7 male control subjects aged 21-45 y. The pellagrins received chemically defined diets based on crystalline amino acids through an enteral tube for 7 d. Patients were divided into two groups (A and B), both receiving a diet from which tryptophan, Zn, and niacin were excluded. Patients in group B, however, received 220 mg Zn sulfate orally. Upon admission the pellagra patients had low plasma Zn levels and low urinary excretion values of N'methylnicotinamide (N'MN) and N'methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-PYR) in relation to the control subjects (p less than 0.01). During the experimental period there was an increase in plasma Zn levels (p less than 0.005) and in urinary N'MN (p less than 0.05) and 2-PYR (p less than 0.05) excretion in the patients receiving Zn supplementation (group B). These results suggest that Zn interacts with niacin metabolism in alcoholic patients with pellagra through a probable mediation by vitamin B-6.     

Estimation of breakthrough time on activated carbon fixed bed adsorbers for multicomponent organic solvent vapors

The estimation of breakthrough time for multicomponent organic solvent vapors on activated carbon fixed beds is significantly complicated and difficult. This paper describes a simple estimation method of breakthrough time for the first component (foremost breakthrough component) in two- or three-component organic solvent vapors on an activated carbon fixed bed. The breakthrough time for the first component was expressed by the harmonic mean value of the breakthrough times in each pure component. Estimated breakthrough times were compared with the experimental ones.     

Stupor and affective state: alleviation of psychomotor disturbances by lorazepam and recurrence of symptoms after Ro 15-1788

In a single patient suffering from a major depressive episode with melancholia (DSM-III), both severe psychomotor symptoms, such as stupor and mutism, and mood disturbances could be abolished completely and promptly by administration of the benzodiazepine lorazepam. Remission of symptoms was entirely and immediately reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. These drug effects were constantly reproducible. Possible mechanisms of action and the influence of GABAergic neurotransmission on affective and psychomotor state are discussed.     

ABO blood group incompatible kidney transplantation: a case report and review of the literature

A patient with end-stage renal failure, two previously failed kidney transplants and high serum lymphocytotoxic antibody levels was transplanted electively with an ABO-mismatched, HLA-identical kidney from his sibling. Immunosuppression consisted of pretransplant splenectomy and plasma exchange, followed by rabbit antithymocyte serum, azathioprine, prednisone and plasma exchange in the early post-transplant period. He is now 3 years post-transplant with normal renal function on conventional immunosuppressive therapy. This case, and a review of the literature, suggest that ABO blood group incompatibility need not be an absolute barrier to successful kidney transplantation. ABO incompatible kidney transplantation may be a potentially fruitful area for further research as the demand for donor organs continues to outstrip the supply.     

Extensor mechanism complications following total knee arthroplasty

Extensor mechanism complications following 281 knee arthroplasties that included patellar resurfacing, performed by two surgeons in one hospital over a 6-year period, were reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 42 months. There were 28 (10%) extensor mechanism complications: 3 quadriceps tendon ruptures, 5 patellar fractures, 4 patellar tendon ruptures, 11 recurring patellar subluxations, 4 cases of patellar pain, and 1 malrotated patella. Nine (3%) required further surgery. Surgical technique may have contributed to the tendon ruptures; patellar fractures occurred mainly in patients who had rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with patellar subluxation had abnormal preoperative valgus deformities of their knees and presented with this subluxation problem an average of 4 months after surgery, but it appeared to cause them less discomfort with time. Patellar resurfacing as part of a knee arthroplasty procedure is recommended but should be performed with care to the integrity and vasculature of the extensor mechanism.     

Rotator interval lesion

Arthrography and surgical exploration reveal the pathogenesis of a painful shoulder syndrome characterized by inferior instability in the rotator interval (RI). The RI is the space between the subscapularis and the adjacent supraspinatus interval. Two types of RI lesions can be identified. Type I, a contracted state, is characterized by inflammatory changes in superficial bursal area. In Type II, an unstable condition is associated with extensive inflammation of deeper tissues in the RI. In a series of 101 patients, including 106 shoulders with RI lesions, surgical repair of the RI was performed with the shoulder in an externally rotated position. This position ensured a close fit of the supraspinatus and the subscapularis attachments. Of 78 shoulders evaluated in a follow-up study, 96% were graded good or excellent, and 4% poor. This investigation presents evidence for the importance of diagnosis and treatment of RI lesions in patients with persistent pain in the shoulder.     

The mechanism of action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on tumor vascularity--study using a transparent chamber

Effects of human recombinant TNF on the tumor blood vessels and on the thrombus formation were investigated in relation to its mode of antitumor action against Meth-A sarcoma transplanted in BALB/c mice. The extent of the blood vessel lesion was evaluated by using transparent chamber placed in the mouse skin. Bleeding, hyperemia and congestion were observed at 1-2h, 4-6h and 24h after TNF (1 X 10(4)U/mouse) administration, respectively. In contrast, no histological changes in the normal blood vessels were observed microscopically following TNF injection. Thrombus formation was evoked in the tumor vessels 4h after TNF injection. However, when thrombus formation was prevented by heparin, no difference was observed among antitumor action of TNF against Meth-A fibrosarcoma necrotic response and the rate of complete cure. These results suggest that the direct effects of TNF causing lesions in the tumor blood vessels plays an important role in its antitumor action.     

Fine structure of surviving heart muscle cells in ventricular aneurysms

Surgically-obtained tissue specimens from 41 patients with ventricular aneurysm were studied electron microscopically. The tissue from the resected aneurysms showed substantially varied morphological differences. In some, there were extensive regions of scar containing increased fibrotic material and few cells, in others there were also larger contiguous regions of myocardium with an essentially normal appearance. In the preserved myocardial regions, the cardiac cells showed moderate hypertrophy. There was an increase in contractile substance in parallel with an increase in mitochondria and enlargement of the nucleus with frequent waves and invaginations in the cell membrane. The cells at the marginal regions between fibrous tissue and preserved myocardium were frequently isolated from adjacent cells. In particular, when the isolated cells were completely surrounded by fibrous tissue, clear degeneration was apparent. These cells showed mainly a fibrillolysis with dissolution of the cross-bands and loss of the entire contractile apparatus. In compensation, occasionally there was proliferation of other cell structures, especially the free sarcoplasmatic reticulum. The hypertrophy of the still intact myocardial cells is considered compensatory for the infarct-incurred loss of tissue. The degenerative appearance is mainly attributable to fibrous tissue invasion. The diminished oxygen supply, compromised or abolished impulse conduction, loss of function and passive stretch during systole may be regarded as causes of the degeneration.     

Biochemical, immunological, and immunocytochemical evidence for the association of chalcone synthase with endoplasmic reticulum membranes.

Chalcone synthase [naringenin-chalcone synthase; malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltransferase (cyclizing), E.C. 2.3.1.74], the key enzyme of flavonoid pathways that was believed to be soluble, has been localized on ribosome-bearing endoplasmic reticulum membranes in the epidermis of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) hypocotyls. Enzyme activity measurement and immunoblots of buckwheat hypocotyl homogenates that were fractionated on linear sucrose density gradients and developed with a specific chalcone synthase antibody and a 20-nm ImmunoGold conjugate showed the presence of chalcone synthase in fractions enriched in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The presence of chalcone synthase on these membranes was not caused by nonspecific adsorption or entrapment of proteins. Immunocytochemical investigations with both a 5-nm and a 20-nm ImmunoGold conjugate showed that chalcone synthase was associated with the cytoplasmic face of rough (ribosome bearing) endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Plasma membrane, nucleus, plastids, mitochondria, golgi, and the tonoplast were not labeled. These data are consistent with our earlier described model suggesting that the synthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids takes place partially or fully on membrane-associated enzyme complexes.     

Multidisciplinary evaluation of rat renal cell carcinoma

The rat renal cell carcinoma system as described by deVere White and Olsson in 1980 is used widely as a model for its human counterpart. The tumor arose spontaneously in a male Wistar Lewis rat and its behaviour has been shown to be stable during multiple passages. We have compared this tumor with the human renal cell carcinoma using a multidisciplinary approach. Light microscopy and electron microscopy showed a great resemblance of this rat tumor to a human renal cell carcinoma of the clear cell type with the ultrastructural presence of desmosomes. With the use of tissue specific antibodies against intermediate filament proteins, it could be shown that their expression is comparable to human renal cell carcinoma, i.e. coexpression of vimentin and different cytokeratins in the tumor cells. The cells could also be shown to contain cytokeratin 18. An aneuploid cell population in the tumor, expressing both vimentin and keratin, could be characterized by DNA flow cytometry in double labeling experiments. Comparison of normal and malignant rat kidney tissue by Northern blot analysis revealed increased levels of vimentin mRNA. In conclusion, this tumor model seems to have several histological and biological properties in common with the human renal tumor.