Long-term effects of sprint interval training on expression of cardiac genes involved in energy efficiency

Purpose

The real mechanisms of intensive exercise training-induced energy efficiency have not yet been well examined. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on gene expression of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).

Methods

For this purpose, 16 Albino Wistar rats (250–300 g) were randomly divided into equal groups of control and sprint training. The animals run on treadmill for 10 weeks, 5 days per week at intensity corresponding to 90–95% maximal oxygen consumption. The gene expression of UCP2, UCP3 and eNOS was analyzed by RT-PCR method in hearts. The data were analyzed by independent samples T test at P?<?0.05 level.

Results

Sprint interval training significantly decreased mRNA expression of UCP2 (t₁₄?=?4.818, P?=?0.001) and UCP3 (t₁₄?=?4.620, P?=?0.001) in cardiac muscle of rats. In contrast, mRNA expression of eNOS in cardiac muscle significantly increased following sprint interval training (t₁₄?=?7.967, P?=?0.001).

Conclusion

This study elucidates that SIT through reduction in gene expression of uncoupling proteins can improve energy efficiency. But, more studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

     

Evaluation of Vaccines Injection Order on Pain Score of Intramuscular Injection of Diphtheria,Whole Cell Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccine

Objective

To determine, whether or not intramuscular injection of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DwPT) vaccine should be given first and subcutaneous injection of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) thereafter or vice versa and can this cause less pain of DwPT vaccine injection.

Methods

In a randomized parallel group clinical trial, seventy 18-mo-old healthy children who were referred for routine vaccination to Akbari Health Care Center, Yazd, Iran from September 2014 through March 2015 were randomly allocated to two groups to receive DwPT and then MMR vaccines or MMR first, and then DwPT. Primary outcomes included pain score during DwPT injection, pain score during MMR injection, overall pain score of vaccination and obtaining a pain score of less than three during DwPT injection. Pain scores were assessed based on Modified Behavioral Pain Scale. Secondary outcome was crying duration during DwPT injection.

Results

Thirty seven girls and 33 boys were evaluated in two groups. Pain scores of DwPT and MMR injections, the frequency of pain score obtained to be less than three during DwPT injection and the crying duration were not different in both groups. But, overall pain score of vaccination was lower when subcutaneous injection of MMR vaccine was given before intramuscular injection of DwPT vaccine. (14.23 ± 1.35 vs. 15.61 ± 2.65; P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Overall pain score of vaccination in multiple vaccine injection at the same visit might be reduced if subcutaneous vaccine is injected before intramuscular one.

     

Used protocols for isolation and propagation of ovarian stem cells,different cells with different traits

Although existence of ovarian stem cells (OSCs) in mammalian postnatal ovary is still under controversy, however, it has been almost accepted that OSCs are contributing actively to folliculogenesis and neo-oogenesis. Recently, various methods with different efficacies have been employed for OSCs isolation from ovarian tissue, which these methods could be chosen depends on aim of isolation and accessible equipments and materials in lab. Although isolated OSCs from different methods have various traits and characterizations, which might become from their different nature and origin, however these stem cells are promising source for woman infertility treatment or source of energy for women with a history of repeat IVF failure in near future. This review has brought together and summarized currently used protocols for isolation and propagation of OSCs in vitro.     

Evaluation of lens hardness in cataract surgery using high-frequency ultrasonic parameters in vitro

Ultrasonic parameters of sound velocity and frequency-dependent attenuation ranging from 25 to 45 MHz were measured for the purpose of evaluating the hardness of lenses in cataract surgery (phacoemulsification). Measurements were performed with a 35-MHz ultrasonic transducer on porcine lenses in which artificially cataracts were induced. The hardness of the cataractous lens was also evaluated by mechanical measurement of its elastic properties. The results indicated that the ultrasonic attenuation coefficients in normal porcine lenses were approximately 4.49 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD) and 6.32 +/- 0.04 dB/mm at 30 and 40 MHz, respectively. The development progression of the cataracts resulted in the attenuation coefficient increasing linearly to 7.36 +/- 0.25 and 11.1 +/- 0.92 dB/mm, respectively, corresponding to an increase of Young's modulus from 2.6 to 101.2 kPa. The sound velocity concomitantly increased from 1639.8 +/- 4.2 to 1735.6 +/- 10.4 m/s. Evaluation of the relationship between the phacoemulsification energy level and ultrasonic parameters in vitro by surgeons revealed that both the attenuation coefficient and sound velocity were linearly correlated with the phacoemulsification energy (r = 0.941 and 0.915, respectively). These results showed that measuring high-frequency ultrasonic parameters provides surgeons with good capability and reproducibility for selecting the optimal energy level for phacoemulsification.     

Disinfection efficiency of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite: a pilot study

AIM: Dental impressions are potential sources of bacterial contamination which could eventually lead to transmissible infectious diseases through the blood or saliva. Sodium hypochlorite is an effective disinfectant recommended by the American Dental Association (ADA) in a 1:10 dilution for a ten minute immersion to disinfect irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. As the ADA protocol is sometimes neglected in busy practice settings, this pilot study was designed to determine an efficient and effective protocol for disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and disinfection times were challenged against irreversible hydrocolloid impressions contaminated with six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS: A two minute immersion time in a 0.6% solution of sodium hypochlorite protocol was found to prevent bacterial growth on the impressions. CONCLUSION: Disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions in a 0.6% solution of sodium hypochlorite for two minutes was as effective as the ADA's protocol of using a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for ten minutes to destroy the test bacteria.     

Massive repeated nose bleeding after bimaxillary osteotomy

In LeFort I surgery, the separation of the pterygomaxillary junction is done by osteotomy. Although the osteotome is positioned too close to the maxillary artery and its branches during pterygomaxillary separation, postoperative complications from vascular injuries are uncommon. We describe an unusual occurrence of a maxillary artery pseudoaneurysm after LeFort I and bilateral sagittal split osteotomies for maxillary advancement and mandibular setback as well as (anterior sliding) genioplasty. In a patient with class III occlusion and midface retrusion, the significant bleeding began 10 days postoperatively, which was controlled by anterior and posterior nasal packing. The bleeding recurred 28 days after surgery; thus, vascular anatomy in the pterygomaxillary area is reviewed, pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed on selective carotid angiography and successfully treated by embolization; and 2-year follow up was uneventful.