Comparing grandchildren's and grandparents' stake in their relationship

This paper examines the intergenerational stake hypothesis in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. The hypothesis predicts that older generations will perceive more closeness in a relationship than younger generations. Grandparent-grandchild dyads are surveyed concerning various aspects of their relationship. Using measures of closeness and an established typology of grandparent-grandchild relationship style (Cherlin & Furstenberg, 1985), the study finds that grandparents perceive their relationship with their grandchildren to be considerably closer than their grandchildren perceive the relationship. However, their grandchildren perceive the relationship to be more active than their grandparents do. Explanations of these findings consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis are advanced. It is found that the two parties often disagree as to the nature of their relationship on the Cherlin and Furstenberg typology. Details of these disagreements are examined in detail, and implications for the grandparent-grandchild relationship are discussed.     

Absorption and endogenous faecal excretion of calcium by low birthweight infants on feeds with varying contents of calcium and phosphate

Low birthweight infants aged 4-41 days were given from birth one of three experimental milk formulae varying widely in content of calcium and phosphate. Ca and P in feed, urine, and faeces were measured between carmine markers corresponding to a metabolic period of 48 hours. Calcium enriched in 46Ca to provide a marker for the dietary Ca was added to one feed and 46Ca measured in urine and faeces. True absorption of Ca and endogenous excretion into the bowel could then be inferred. True absorption of Ca was proportional to Ca intake and independent of P intake. Endogenous faecal excretion seemed to be independent of both Ca P intakes, and varied widely between different infants in the range 4-150 mg/day. Urine Ca was low and retention was essentially the difference between true absorption and endogenous faecal excretion. Retention of Ca tended to be much greater on a high Ca intake, but the variability in retention between infants on a given intake was large, paralleling the variability in endogenous faecal excretion. The variability in plasma Ca concentrations in newborn infants may in part be a consequence of wide individual variability in endogenous faecal excretion. The 46Ca marker technique provides a means of investigating the factors determining this variability.     

Prolonged QT interval and cardiac arrhythmias in two neonates: sudden infant death syndrome in one case

Two neonates with arrhythmias and the long QT syndrome are described. The arrhythmias were detected in utero and both infants were apparently well after birth. The first infant, although well, had a bradycardia for the first 9 days of life. A normal heart rate was documented at 10 days but a prolonged QT interval was not appreciated on the ECG. He was discharged from hospital but died suddenly and unexpectedly 3 days later. A post-mortem examination failed to find a cause for his death which therefore fell into the category of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A retrospective analysis of the perinatal electrocardiogram showed a probable junctional rhythm with 2:1 conduction to the ventricle; the QT interval was prolonged at 0.52 seconds (QTC = 0.63). The second infant had a QT interval of 0.52 seconds (QTC = 0.54) and frequent ventricular premature beats on a 24-hour electrocardiogram. She was treated with propranolol and remains well 2 years later. Sudden infant death has often been described in the siblings of children with the long QT syndrome and one other report described a case of SIDS which was said to have had a prolonged QT interval on the perinatal ECG. This report, however, provides unquestionable evidence, in one case, of an association between the long QT syndrome and SIDS.     

Urinary tract infection in infants and children evaluated by ultrasound

Fifty-nine pediatric patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) underwent renal ultrasonography, excretory urography, and voiding cystourethrography. The imaging procedures were analyzed retrospectively to determine their relative effectiveness in detecting abnormalities that might predispose the patient to UTI. Voiding cystourethrography provided valuable information, particularly the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux, that could not be obtained from the other procedures. Excretory urography was less specific than ultrasonography in the majority of patients, with the exception of those who had renal scarring. The authors recommended ultrasonography as the initial imaging procedure in the evaluation of children with UTI. When the sonogram is normal, excretory urography is not considered necessary, but voiding cystourethrography is thought to be essential. If sonography is abnormal, excretory urography and/or other follow-up studies are indicated.     

Rib perichondrial grafts for the repair of full-thickness articular-cartilage defects. A morphological and biochemical study in rabbits

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of perichondrial grafts in articular cartilage defects and to characterize the newly formed cartilage. In a rabbit model, rib perichondrium was used to repair full-thickness defects in the femoral condyle. The quality of repair was then evaluated histologically and biochemically at six and twelve weeks after grafting. Unacceptable results were obtained in 50 per cent of the rabbits. These failures were due to condylar fracture in 20 per cent, failure of graft attachment in 20 per cent, and infection in 10 per cent. The technique of grafting must be improved to increase the percentage of successful grafts in which neocartilage with a relatively normal chemical composition fills the articular cartilage defect. Successful grafts proliferate to fill the full-thickness defect with neocartilage, which has biochemical characteristics that are similar to those of hyaline cartilage.     

Diagnostic value of the serum folate assay

The diagnostic value of the serum folate assay has been assessed in 90 patients, each of whom had a macrocytic anaemia and a low serum vitamin B(12) level. Twenty-nine (32%) patients were found to have anaemia due primarily to folate deficiency. The cause of the low serum vitamin B(12) levels is uncertain in the 22 (25%) patients with normal or borderline vitamin B(12) absorption. The effect of folic acid therapy was studied in four of these patients, and in each case the serum vitamin B(12) rose slowly to a normal level.The serum folate was low in only four (7.5%) of the 54 patients with pernicious anaemia, and the levels rose to normal on treatment with vitamin B(12) alone. A high serum folate occurred in eight (15%) pernicious anaemia patients. A normal serum folate indicated the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia or megaloblastic anaemia following partial gastrectomy. However, a normal serum folate and a very low vitamin B(12) level was found in two patients with idiopathic steatorrhoea.It is concluded that the serum folate assay is a valuable routine test in patients who have a macrocytic anaemia and low serum vitamin B(12). A low folate level makes the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia unlikely and is a strong indication for full investigation of small intestinal function.     

Granulomatous mastitis: a report of seven cases

The clinical history and histological features of seven cases of granulomatous mastitis are presented. The lesion occurs in young parous women as a tender extra-areolar breast lump. Histologically, non-caseating discrete granulomas are present, confined to breast lobules with, in three cases, coalescence of the granulomas and microabscess formation. Pathogenesis of the changes is discussed. It is thought that granulomatous mastitis is an entity morphologically distinct from duct ectasia/plasma cell mastitis and the commoner forms of granulomatous breast diseases.     

Social identity and health: an intergroup communication approach to cancer

This article describes the ways in which group identifications and stereotypes can inform our understanding of cancer prevention and treatment as well as more general social processes surrounding the experience of cancer. From a perspective grounded in social identity theory, we describe the ways in which understanding primary identities (i.e., those associated with large social collectives such as cultural groups), secondary identities (i.e., those associated with health behaviors), and tertiary identities (i.e., those associated with cancer) can help explain certain cancer-related social processes. We forward a series of propositions to stimulate further research on this topic.