Sonographic localization of a retained urethral foreign body in an elderly patient

A retained urethral foreign body is an uncommon presentation in the Emergency Department. The diagnosis and treatment of retained urethral foreign bodies are determined by their size, location, shape, and mobility and often require specialty consultation and operative intervention. In this case of a 74‐year‐old man with a self‐inserted, retained urethral foreign body, we present the utility of a bedside ultrasound to detect the depth, size, and distance from the meatus of the object to guide the approach to extraction of the object at the bedside in the Emergency Department. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46 :296–298, 2018     

Psychometric properties of Persian version of the Caregiver Burden Scale in Iranian caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury

Purpose: To investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS) in caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. After a forward–backward translation, the CBS was administered to 110 caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury (men?=?60, women?=?50). Factor structure was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. The Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the CBS were examined using Cronbach’s α and the intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Construct validity was assessed by examining the relationship among CBS and the World Health Organization Quality of Life, and the Beck Depression Inventory.

Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a five-factor model of CBS. All subscales of CBS revealed acceptable internal consistency (0.698–0.755), except for environment subscale (0.559). The CBS showed adequate test–retest reliability for its subscales (0.745–0.900). All subscales of CBS significantly correlated with both Beck Depression Inventory and World Health Organization Quality of Life, confirming construct validity.

Conclusions: The Persian version of the CBS is a valid and reliable measure for assessing burden of care in caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Spinal cord injury leads to depression, high levels of stress and diminished quality of life due to the high physical, emotional, and social burdens in caregivers.

• Persian version of the Caregiver Burden Scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing burden in Iranian caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury.

     

HIV Prevalence and Related Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Iran from 2010 to 2020

AIDS and Behavior - Injection drug use has been the leading route of HIV transmission in Iran. We assessed HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, and uptake of prevention services among people who inject...     

Aortic Delamination—A Possible Precursor of Impending Catastrophe

Aortic diameter is a powerful predictor of adverse aortic events, such as aortic rupture or dissection, forming the basis of prophylactic surgical repair criteria. Limited evidence is available regarding the association of aortic wall thickness (AWT) with these adverse aortic events. We present the case and surgical video of a 73-year-old man with chest pain and an increased AWT, who underwent ascending aortic repair and deep hemiarch placement under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Surgical pathology demonstrated evidence of aortic delamination and medial separation, indicative of an impending dissection. The patient recovered uneventfully, and his chest pain ultimately resolved after open repair. In this patient, increased AWT was felt to be the precursor to a potential aortic catastrophe.     

Differential effects of PARP inhibition on vascular cell survival and ACAT-1 expression favouring atherosclerotic plaque stability

AIMS: The aim of this study was to take a combination of animal and cell culture approaches to examine the individual responses of vascular cells to varying inflammatory factors in order to gain insights on the mechanism(s) by which poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition promotes factors of plaque stability. METHODS AND RESULTS: Apolipoprotein (ApoE(-/-)) mice fed a high-fat diet were used as a model of atherosclerosis. Primary endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and ex-vivo generated foam cells (FCs) were used in our in vitro studies. PARP inhibition significantly decreased the markers of oxidative stress and caspase-3 activation and increased smooth muscle actin within plaques from ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet. PARP inhibition protected against apoptosis and/or necrosis in SMCs and endothelial cells in response to H(2)O(2) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Remarkably, PARP inhibition in FCs resulted in significant sensitization to 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) by increasing cellular-toxic-free cholesterol, potentially through a down-regulation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) expression. 7-KC induced necrosis exclusively in endothelial cells, which was, surprisingly, unaffected by PARP inhibition indicating that PARP inhibition does not prevent all forms of necrotic cell death. In SMCs, PARP-1 inhibition by gene deletion conferred protection against 7-KC or TNF, potentially by reducing caspase-3-like activation, preventing induction of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase phosphorylation, and inducing extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation independently of PARP classical enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS: These data present PARP-1 as an important player in the death of cells constituting atherosclerotic plaques contributing to plaque dynamics. PARP inhibition may be a protective, a neutral, or a sensitizing factor. Additionally, PARP-1 may be a novel factor that can alter lipid metabolism. These novel functions of PARP not only challenge the current understanding of the role of the enzyme in cell death but also provide insights on the intricate contribution of PARP in cellular responses to predominant inflammatory factors within atherosclerotic plaques, presenting additional evidence for the viability of PARP inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.