紫外分光光度法测定平阳霉素霜的含量

目的：用紫外分光光度法测定平阳霉素霜的含量,为该药提供质量控制方法。方法：紫外分光光度法。结果：平阳霉素甲醇液在293.5nm处有最大吸收,在30－70μg/ml范围内吸收度与浓度有良好线性关系,其回归方程为A＝0.01066C-0.008(r=0.9998),平均回收率（n=5)为100．05％,RSD＝0．98％。结论：该法作为平阳霉素霜剂的含量测定方法、快捷准确、简便易行,适用于医院快检。     

Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1): updated nomenclature

Please cite this paper as: WHO/OIE/FAO. (2012) Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1): Updated nomenclature. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 1–5. Background Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) throughout many regions of the eastern hemisphere has led to the emergence of new phylogenetic groups. A total of 1637 new H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences have become available since the previous nomenclature recommendations described in 2009 by the WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group. A comprehensive analysis including all the new data is needed to update HA clade nomenclature. Methods Phylogenetic trees were constructed from data sets of all available H5N1 HA sequences. New clades were designated on the basis of phylogeny and p‐distance using the pre‐established nomenclature system (Emerg Infec Dis 2008; 14:e1). Each circulating H5N1 clade was subjected to further phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence divergence calculations. Results All recently circulating clades (clade 1 in the Mekong River Delta, 2.1.3 in Indonesia, 2.2 in India/Bangladesh, 2.2.1 in Egypt, 2.3.2, 2.3.4 and 7 in Asia) required assignment of divergent HA genes to new second‐, third‐, and/or fourth‐order clades. At the same time, clades 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and several second‐ and third‐order groups from clade 2 have not been detected since 2008 or earlier. Conclusions New designations are recommended for 12 HA clades, named according to previously defined criteria. In addition, viruses from 13 clades have not been detected since 2008 or earlier. The periodic updating of this dynamic classification system allows continued use of a unified nomenclature in all H5N1 studies.     

多轴向螺钉-棒椎弓根固定系统植入治疗寰枢椎损伤的特征

目的:总结应用多轴向钛螺钉-棒系统椎弓根钉植入技术治疗寰枢椎损伤的特点。方法:选择山东省东营市人民医院、加拿大脊柱外科中心、山东省立医院脊柱外科1999-01/2004-01治疗的寰枢椎损伤患者。应用后路多轴向钛螺钉-棒系统固定融合手术治疗38例,固定位置为寰椎(C1)的双侧块和枢椎(C2)的椎弓根,并与46例采用关节突螺钉复合后方椎板下钢丝固定植骨融合进行对比分析。结果:84例患者全部进入结果分析。①治疗组脊髓损伤的治愈率和总有效率(治愈 有效)高于对照组,但差异无显著性(92%,85%,χ2=0.29,P>0.05)。②治疗组对椎动脉孔的入侵率明显低于对照组(5%,30%,χ2=6.99,P<0.05)。③治疗组对椎管的入侵率明显低于对照组(5%,28%,χ2=6.02,P<0.05)。④术后治疗组α角(寰枢椎角)为(26.8±5.42)°,对照组α角为(25.6±5.82)°,两组对比差异无显著性(t=1.27,P>0.05)。⑤治疗组1例轻度错位(≤7mm),1例神经轻度放射痛,术后5个月取出内固定后消失,余无固定松动、椎动脉损伤、神经压迫征发生,3个月融合28例,6个月全部融合。对照组4例出现骨折所致不稳,3例半脱位,5例不融合,6例神经痛。结论:对急性寰、枢椎损伤患者进行C1双侧块和C2椎弓根后路多轴向钉-棒系统固定融合手术治疗方法简单、易于避开椎动脉,定位准确,直视下进行操作,安全性高,固定可靠。     

Personal genome testing: Test characteristics to clarify the discourse on ethical, legal and societal issues

Background

As genetics technology proceeds, practices of genetic testing have become more heterogeneous: many different types of tests are finding their way to the public in different settings and for a variety of purposes. This diversification is relevant to the discourse on ethical, legal and societal issues (ELSI) surrounding genetic testing, which must evolve to encompass these differences. One important development is the rise of personal genome testing on the basis of genetic profiling: the testing of multiple genetic variants simultaneously for the prediction of common multifactorial diseases. Currently, an increasing number of companies are offering personal genome tests directly to consumers and are spurring ELSI-discussions, which stand in need of clarification. This paper presents a systematic approach to the ELSI-evaluation of personal genome testing for multifactorial diseases along the lines of its test characteristics.

Discussion

This paper addresses four test characteristics of personal genome testing: its being a non-targeted type of testing, its high analytical validity, low clinical validity and problematic clinical utility. These characteristics raise their own specific ELSI, for example: non-targeted genetic profiling poses serious problems for information provision and informed consent. Questions about the quantity and quality of the necessary information, as well as about moral responsibilities with regard to the provision of information are therefore becoming central themes within ELSI-discussions of personal genome testing. Further, the current low level of clinical validity of genetic profiles raises questions concerning societal risks and regulatory requirements, whereas simultaneously it causes traditional ELSI-issues of clinical genetics, such as psychological and health risks, discrimination, and stigmatization, to lose part of their relevance. Also, classic notions of clinical utility are challenged by the newer notion of 'personal utility.'

Summary

Consideration of test characteristics is essential to any valuable discourse on the ELSI of personal genome testing for multifactorial diseases. Four key characteristics of the test - targeted/non-targeted testing, analytical validity, clinical validity and clinical utility - together determine the applicability and the relevance of ELSI to specific tests. The paper identifies and discusses four areas of interest for the ELSI-debate on personal genome testing: informational problems, risks, regulatory issues, and the notion of personal utility.