Smokeless tobacco is found to be as addictive and harmful as smoking but have not been explored into, especially among youth.
Objectives:
This study was conducted to find the prevalence of tobacco chewing among college students in Nepal and the factors that have influence over their use.
Study design:
A cross-sectional study with a self-administered questionnaire.
Materials and Methods:
Five colleges of different streams in Pokhara city were selected for the study. A total of 816 students participated. The study was conducted during the period of May 2006–February 2007, using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire.
Results:
Overall prevalence of ever tobacco chewing was 21.3% (males 30.2% and females 10.9%) among the youth with average age of initiation 15.7 years. Pan masala and gutka were used by 63.6% and frequency of use varied widely and only 5.7% said they were daily users. Reasons cited for chewing were most commonly ‘just like it’ or ‘friends chew’. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed age, ever smoking status, being ever alcoholic, and having friends or family members who chewed were significantly associated with students’ tobacco chewing. Almost one-tenth of the students believed they were addicted to chewing tobacco and 42.5% of them had tried to quit the habit.
Conclusion:
The study shows a high prevalence of tobacco chewing by Nepali youth. Important factors that influenced the habit were having chewer friends, their own smoking and alcohol status and having family members who chewed. It is pertinent to consider these when formulating cessation and prevention programs 相似文献
This magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based morphometric analysis of
cortical topography in the human brain is based upon the segmentation and
parcellation of volumetric T1-weighted MRI data for a set of 20 young adult
brains including 10 males and 10 females. For the most part, each
parcellation unit (PU) of the neocortex corresponds to a single or a
portion of a single gyrus. The volumes of each PU were computed for each
brain. Subsets of PUs were also grouped so as to represent the neocortex
for the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. The coefficient of
variation of the mean volume of total neocortex and that of the neocortex
assigned to individual lobes cluster around 10%, whereas that of neocortex
assigned to the individual gyri (PU) is more than twice that value.
Approximately 80% of the total variance in gyral volume arises from
determinants interactive for individual and specific gyri, while only
approximately 10% of the total variance appears to be a reflection of
uniform scaling to total neocortical volume. Sexual dimorphism contributes
a pervasive though relatively small component of this variance. These
results have implications for the study of structure-function correlation,
and the proper statistical methods of handling volumetric data in
morphometric studies. In addition, the nature of the covariance structure
of the data will lead to future hypotheses regarding the relationships
between the various potential genetic and epigenetic gyral influencing
factors.
相似文献
Introduction: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (SADs) include systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and vasculitis. SADs often occur in women of childbearing age and can affect fertility. Both infertility treatments and fertility preservation techniques are thus often indicated.
Areas covered: The literature regarding the safety of fertility-related drugs for both fertility preservation and infertility treatment in patients affected by SADs was reviewed. Based on current knowledge, all the options for fertility preservation should be contemplated in patients with SADs who are at risk for fertility loss, including GnRH analogue administration, oocyte/embryo vitrification and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Similarly, if pregnancy is not contraindicated in a patient with a SAD, neither should be any fertility treatment.
Expert opinion: Women with SADs should postpone conception until a stable disease has been achieved for at least 6 months. When infertility treatments are needed, women with antiphospholipid antibodies should receive concomitant anticoagulation. If in vitro fertilization/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer is required, ovarian hyperstimulation and the inherent risk of thrombosis should be eliminated by GnRH-agonist trigger and cycle segmentation. Counselling about adherence to anti-rheumatic therapy to prevent disease exacerbations is also critical. 相似文献
There is a paucity in world literature of a prospective study on post cataract strabismus and in Indian literature on post cataract ptosis. 150 cataract patients without pre-existing strabismus or ptosis were subjected to standard extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation under 2 point peribulbar anaesthesia and were post-operatively evaluated for strabismus and ptosis. At the end of first week, there were 10/150 (6.67%) cases of strabismus, 13/150 (8.67%) cases of ptosis and 5/150 (3.33%) of both combined, which reduced to 2% each (3/150) at the twelfth week. The probable factors for causation and recovery are being discussed.KEY WORDS: Post-cataract surgery, Ptosis, Strabismus相似文献
Background We studied the effectiveness of Radiofrequency (RF) modified maze in early and late restoration of sinus rhythm in patients
with rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
Methods We studied 84 patients with RHD over 23.6±12.5 months after the RF modified maze and another group of 64 patients over six
months after valvular surgery alone (the Non-Maze group). Any thromboembolic episodes and NYHA class of the patient were recorded.
The short term survivors in sinus rhythm, underwent stress test and echocardiography for atrial transport function at 3–6
months after surgery.
Results In the Maze group, sinus rhythm was restored in 60/70 patients (85.71%) immediately and sustained in 55/70 patients (78.57%)
over the follow-up as against an immediate conversion rate of 5.3% (5/53 patients, p<0.001) in the Non-maze group. The additional
Cardiopulmonary (CP) bypass time (p=0.13) and cross clamp time (p=0.511) needed for maze is not statistically significant.
Left atrial (LA) transport function was preserved in 41/51 patients (80.4%) and Right atrial (RA) transport function in 51/51
patients (100%). Stress test showed good chronotropic response in all the 41 patients in whom it was performed. In the Maze
group one patient presented with acute valve thrombosis and subsequently, succumbed to it. In the non maze group 3/55 patients
(5.66%) were hospitalized for stroke. No patient needed permanent pacemaker nor was sinus node dysfunction seen. The immediate
postoperative morbidity and mortality was comparable in the two groups.
Conclusions The RF modified maze is safe, effective and brief without any additional risk. It restores sinus rhythm in the majority, however
there is an attrition in some. 相似文献
The Canadian Apheresis Study Group recently completed a randomized clinical trial involving 102 patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), in which treatment with plasma infusion and treatment with plasma exchange were compared. Thirty-three other patients were ineligible or refused to be randomly assigned in the trial. Of the 33 patients, 24 were assessed as ineligible because they would be unable to tolerate the fluid input that would occur if they were randomly assigned to receive plasma infusion. All 24 patients had oliguria and elevated creatinine and/or blood urea nitrogen level. These 24 patients were treated with acetylsalicyclic acid, dipyridamole, and plasma exchange according to the standardized protocol defined in the trial. Blood for tests of factors possibly involved in the pathogenesis of TTP was drawn before exchange and at intervals during and after exchange. The mean platelet count before exchange was 35.5 x 10(9) per L. In 12 of the 24 patients, the platelet count reached 150 x 10(9) per L or greater by 7 days after the initiation of plasma exchange. Three patients responded partially, in that their platelet count increased to at least twice that at presentation, but remained below 150 x 10(9) per L. One patient died during the first week. Of the eight other patients who experienced treatment failure at the 7-day assessment point, six subsequently responded, four while continuing to receive plasma exchange and two after plasma exchange had been discontinued. Of the 15 patients who either responded fully or responded partially by the end of the first cycle, all survived.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献