Incidence of AIDS dementia in a two-year follow-up of AIDS and ARC patients on an initial phase II AZT placebo-controlled study: San Diego cohort.

In a prospective study to determine the incidence of clinical dementia in patients with AIDS and ARC, 29 men and 3 women, 19 with ARC and 13 with AIDS, were examined neurologically and neuropsychologically every 6 months for 2 years during a placebo-controlled zidovudine (AZT) licensing trial. Most received two MRI brain scans. Although no patient was clinically demented at baseline, 9 (28%) developed dementia during the 2 years. Progression to dementia was associated with neuropsychological deterioration and with worsening on MRI during a preceding 6-month period, but not with baseline treatment group assignment. The results suggest that patients at CDC Stage IV who do not receive antiretroviral treatment earlier in their illness may develop clinical dementia at an annual rate of about 14%.     

Keratoconus in monozygotic twins in New Zealand

We report on a case of keratoconus in identical twins who were brought up in Christchurch, New Zealand. Videokeratoscopy using an EyeSys^a (EyeSys Laboratories, Houston, Texas, USA) revealed not only marked differences in severity of keratoconus between the sisters, but also non-equivalent cone types. Both twin sisters reported an exacerbation of their keratoconus during pregnancy and during breast feeding. Various factors affecting the development and progression of keratoconus are discussed. (Clin Exp Optom 1995; 78: 4: 125–129)     

Association of diabetes-related emotional distress with diabetes treatment in primary care patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: To characterize the determinants of diabetes-related emotional distress by treatment modality (diet only, oral medication only, or insulin). METHODS: A total of 815 primary care patients with Type 2 diabetes completed the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Scale and other questions. We linked survey data to a diabetes clinical research database and used linear regression models to assess the associations of treatment with PAID score. RESULTS: PAID scores were significantly higher among insulin-treated (24.6) compared with oral-treated (17.8, P < 0.001) or diet-treated patients (14.7, P < 0.001), but not different between oral- vs. diet-treated patients (P = 0.2). Group scores remained similar, but the statistical significance of their differences was reduced and ultimately eliminated after sequential adjustment for diabetes severity, HbA(1c), body mass index, regimen adherence, and self-blood-glucose monitoring. Insulin-treated patients reported significantly higher distress than oral- or diet-treated patients on 16 of 20 PAID items. 'Worrying about the future' and 'guilt/anxiety when ... off track with diabetes' were the top two serious problems (PAID >or= 5) in all treatment groups. Not accepting diabetes diagnosis was a top concern for oral- and diet-treated patients, and unclear management goals distressed diet-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care patients treated with insulin reported higher diabetes-related emotional distress compared with oral- or diet-treated patients. Greater distress was largely explained by greater disease severity and self-care burdens. To improve diabetes-specific quality of life, clinicians should address patients' sense of worry and guilt, uncertain acceptance of diabetes diagnosis, and unclear treatment goals.     

Selective Use of Older Adults in Right Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Many centers are reluctant to use older donors (>44 years) for adult right-lobe living donor liver transplantation (RLDLT) due to concerns about possible increased morbidity in donors and poorer outcomes in recipients. Since 2000, 130 adult RLDLTs have been performed at our institution. Recipients were divided into those who received a right lobe graft from a donor ≤age 44 (n = 89, 68%; median age 30) and those who received a liver graft from a donor age >44 (n = 41, 32%; mean age 52). The two donor and recipient populations had similar demographic and operative profiles. With a median follow-up of 29 months, the severity and number of complications in older donors were similar to those in younger donors. No living donor died. Older donor allografts had initial allograft dysfunction compared to younger donors. Complication rates were similar among recipients in both groups but there was a higher bile duct stricture rate with older donor grafts (27% vs. 12%; p = 0.04). One-year recipient graft survival was 86% for older donors and 85% for younger donors (p = 0.95). Early experience with the use of selected older adults (>44 years) for RLDLT is encouraging, but may be associated with a higher rate of biliary complications in the recipient.     

Peripheral venous pressure predicts central venous pressure poorly in pediatric patients

Purpose: Using peripheral venous pressure (PVP) instead of central venous pressure (CVP) as a volume monitor decreases patient risks and costs, and is convenient. This study was undertaken to determine if PVP predicts CVP in pediatric patients. METHODS: With ethical approval and informed consent, 30 pediatric patients aged neonate to 12 yr requiring a central venous line were studied prospectively in a tertiary care teaching hospital. In the supine position, PVP and CVP were simultaneously transduced. Ninety-six paired recordings of CVP and PVP were made. Correlation and Bland-Altman analysis of agreement of end-expiratory measurements were performed. RESULTS: The mean (SD; range) CVP was 10.0 mmHg (6.0; -1.0 to 27.0); the mean PVP was 13.7 mmHg (6.3; 0.0 to 33.0); offset (bias) of PVP > CVP was 3.7 mmHg with SD 2.6. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the bias were 3.2 to 4.1 mmHg. In the Bland-Altman analysis, lower and upper limits of agreement (LOA; CI in parentheses) were -1.5 (-2.3 to -0.7) and 8.8 (8.1 to 9.6) mmHg. Eight of 96 points were outside the limits of agreement. The correlation of PVP on CVP was r = 0.92, P < 0.0001. For a subset of ten patients (20 simultaneous recordings) with iv catheters proximal to the hand, limits of agreement were better - offset: 3.8 mmHg (+/- 1.4); lower LOA: 1.2 mmHg (0.25 to 2.1); upper LOA: 6.6 mmHg (5.7 to 7.5). CONCLUSION: Peripheral venous pressure measured from an iv catheter in the hand predicts CVP poorly in pediatric patients.