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Purpose
Adenosine (ADO) can enhance and inhibit mast cell degranulation. Potentiation of degranulation occurs at relatively low concentrations of ADO (10?6–10?5 M) through triggering of A3AR, whereas, inhibition occurs at higher concentrations of ADO reportedly through triggering of A2aAR. However, the discrepancy in the concentration of ADO that inhibits degranulation and that required to trigger ADORs suggests a different mechanism. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism by which ADO inhibits human mast cell degranulation.Methods
We compare the effectiveness of A2aAR specific antagonist ZM241385 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter inhibitors Dipyridamole and NBMPR in preventing ADO-mediated inhibition of FcεRI-induced degranulation of human skin mast cells (hSMCs). Western blotting is done to analyze the effect of ADO on FcεRI-induced Syk phosphorylation.Results
Dipyridamole and NBMPR completely and dose-dependently prevented ADO from inhibiting FcεRI-induced degranulation in all hSMC preparations. In contrast, ZM241385 at 10?5 M was effective in only 3 of 10 hSMC preparations. Moreover, NBMPR was effective even in those hSMC preparations not responsive to ZM241385. ADO inhibited degranulation induced by FcεRI crosslinking, but not that induced by complement component 5a (C5a), Substance P or calcium ionophore. Accordingly, ADO significantly attenuated FcεRI-induced phosphorylation of Syk at the critical activating tyrosine (Y525).Conclusion
Blocking the influx of ADO, but not A2aAR signals, is necessary and sufficient to prevent ADO from inhibiting FcεRI-induced mast cell degranulation. Thus, ADO specifically inhibits FcεRI-induced degranulation of hSMCs primarily by an intracellular mechanism that requires its influx via equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). 相似文献We present a study on selection of a psychometric scale to be clinically used among Indigenous people with depression. Our aim was to select a psychometric tool for cultural adaptation with Mohawk and Inuit in Quebec.
MethodsWe selected three depression scales and three protective factor scales based on: strong validity for psychometric properties, evidence for good psychometric qualities across translations, avoidance of cognitively complex sentences, brevity, and clarity. We submitted the scales for consultation, and followed qualitative participatory methods with Mohawks of Kahnawake and Inuit from Nunavik living in an urban environment. We collected data through ten focus groups with advisory committees, and carried out a thematic analysis of the information.
ResultsThe advisory groups considered the measurement scales to be unsafe. The major components that hindered their acceptance were: numeric rating, self-evaluation (versus supportive interaction), and a focus on symptoms rather than supportive factors. The participants preferred the Growth and Empowerment Measure due to its empowering approach. They voiced that it is necessary to develop a culturally sensitive and safe tool which facilitates interactions between the person and the practitioner.
ConclusionThis project provides valuable information about the perspectives of local Indigenous peoples regarding mental health and factors of empowerment and resilience. The ideal tool should be flexible in terms of the content and its use as compared to the conventional psychometric strategies. A tool developed with the Indigenous perspective on wellbeing could be used in psychological and psychiatric intervention as well as in social and community services.
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