血液与非血液灌流行缺血预处理鼠心的电生理实验研究

本实验研究血液与非血液灌流条件下缺血预处理（ＩＰ）对心肌的保护作用。应用离体大鼠Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆ灌流模型，分血液灌流ＩＰ组、非血液（ＫｒｅｂｓＨｅｎｓｅｌｅｉｔ液，ＫＨ液）灌流ＩＰ组及相应的对照组。测量心肌电生理特性等指标。结果与ＫＨ液灌流心脏相似，用血液灌流的大鼠心脏经ＩＰ后，在随后的停灌和复灌期间，心室颤动阈升高，心律失常发生率明显降低。实验结论为在用血液灌流离体大鼠心脏模型上，ＩＰ对心肌的保护作用与用生理溶液灌流的模型基本相同。     

Comparison of energy expenditure estimated in healthy infants using the doubly labelled water and energy balance methods

The doubly labelled water method was used to estimate energy expenditure in 20 formula-fed infants (10 aged 1 month and 10 aged 4 months). We then compared the energy expenditure values with energy balance values calculated from energy intake and energy cost of growth. Our purpose was to compare various published equations for calculating CO2 expiration rates (and thus energy expenditure values) from the isotopic data. Those equations in which we used measured values for 18O and 2H isotope dilution spaces and estimated or measured values for insensible water losses yielded energy expenditure values (69.7 +/- 8.4 kcal/kg/d) that agreed most closely with energy balance data (70.3 +/- 11.9 kcal/kg/d). Equations in which we used a constant ratio of 1.03 between the 2H and 18O isotope dilution spaces resulted in energy expenditure values (66.3 +/- 10.2 kcal/kg/d) lower than those predicted by the energy balance data. Data analysis by nonlinear curve fitting compared to logarithmic transformation did not alter the estimates of energy expenditure obtained in these infants.     

Historical perspective of optometrists' and other health professionals' involvement in hospitals

For a number of years, optometrists have had informal working and referral relationships with many hospitals. Many hospitals were requesting diagnostic and treatment services from community optometrists while many optometrists were also requesting official recognition. With changes in the medical staff standard of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH)a that allowed independently licensed practitioners to be on staff, a number of optometrists have been requesting clinical privileges and to be on the Medical Staff. Practicing in a hospital can augment one's practice and can allow the optometrist greater opportunities to interact with other professionals and utilize the hospital's diagnostic facilities.     

Contact angles of substances used for internal tamponade in retinal detachment surgery

In order to ascertain the tamponade effect of air and silicone oil we examined the contact angles subtended by ex vivo human retina, Teflon and Perspex to find a suitable experimental material which would mimic the surface properties of the retina at a three-phase interface. Using the captive bubble technique to measure the contact angle, it was found that air subtended a larger contact angle (38.8°) with the retina than did silicone oil (18.2°). On coating the Perspex surface with protein (PCP), it was observed that the surface properties were modified such that PCP subtended contact angles with air (43.0°) and silicone oil (16.4°) similar to those subtended by ex vivo human retina. Using PCP as an experimental material that mimics ex vivo human retina, spherical chambers were employed in order to examine qualitatively and to quantify the arc of contact obtained with air and silicone oil. It was found that air gave a greater arc of contact for the same percentage fill than silicone oil.     

Dietary fat intake and plasma lipid levels in adolescents.

The relationship between dietary fat intake and fasting plasma lipid levels was assessed in 35 female and 19 male adolescents recruited from two local education authority schools in Norwich, UK. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 7-day weighed dietary record method, coupled with the collection of duplicate diets. Fat and energy intakes calculated using food composition tables were compared with values obtained by direct analysis of duplicate diets. Fasting plasma lipid levels (total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides) were measured and compared with total dietary lipids and fatty acid intakes. The average proportion of energy consumed as fat was higher than is currently considered desirable but lower than previous studies have reported for adults. Mean serum total cholesterol values were 4.2 (SEM 0.1) mmol for females and 4.5 (SEM 0.2) mmol for males; this difference was not statistically significant. In male subjects the dietary fatty acid profiles were significantly correlated with several parameters of plasma lipid status which are thought to be risk factors for coronary heart disease, and in particular with the ratio of total:HDL cholesterol.     

Surgical treatment of brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma

Between January 1976 and December 1986, 22 patients with renal cell carcinoma underwent surgical resection of brain metastases at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Ten of the patients had metastases limited to the brain and 12 also had extracranial metastases. Twenty patients received external radiotherapy. Five had craniotomy after failing radiation therapy and 15 had adjuvant radiotherapy. Two patients died within thirty days following craniotomy; the median survival of the remaining 20 patients was 20.9 +/- 6.8 months calculated according to a Weibull survival model. Variables examined in relation to survival included absence or presence of extracranial metastases at time of craniotomy, time interval between nephrectomy and diagnosis of cerebral metastases, neurologic status prior to craniotomy, location of the brain tumor, and patient age. None of the variables was significant at the 10 percent level by the Weibull analysis. However, three favorable prognostic factors, namely metachronous brain metastasis more than one year after nephrectomy, minimal or no neurologic deficit at time of craniotomy, and infratentorial lesions show a trend toward improved survival with p less than 0.20. The data suggest that surgical resection of a single and occasionally multiple brain metastases is warranted in selected patients with renal cell carcinoma.     

Changing prevalence and knowledge of urinary incontinence among Hong Kong Chinese women

A territory-wide telephone survey was conducted in Hong Kong to assess the prevalence, knowledge, and treatment-seeking behaviour of Chinese women with urinary incontinence, using validated Chinese version of Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7). Women, 540, aged between 17 to 77 years were interviewed. Of the respondents, 40.8% reported stress urinary incontinence, 20.4% had urge incontinence and 15.9% had mixed incontinence. Among these, 16.0% reported quality of life impairment; 9.3% felt frustrated with low morale, and 15.2% had nervous and anxiety problems. However, as many as 78.3% of the respondents did not know that stress urinary incontinence is a disease entity, and 60.6% thought that leakage of urine was a normal aging process. For those respondents having stress urinary incontinence, the first treatment of choice was physiotherapy. The second choice was medication, and surgical treatment was the last option. Respondents with stress urinary incontinence showed higher education level.     

Paired kidney analysis of tacrolimus and cyclosporine microemulsion-based therapy in Chinese cadaveric renal transplant recipients

Few studies used paired kidneys for comparison between tacrolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplantation. Most of the published data used whole blood trough levels for drug monitoring. However, the use of limited sampling strategy and abbreviated formula to estimate the 12-h area under concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12)) allowed better prediction of drug exposure. Sixty-six first cadaveric renal transplant recipients receiving paired kidneys were randomized to receive either tacrolimus-based (n = 33) or cyclosporine microemulsion (Neoral)-based therapies (n = 33). Abbreviated AUC(0-12) was used for drug monitoring and dose titration. Mean follow-up duration was 2.8 +/- 2 years. The patient and graft survival were comparable. Fewer incidence of acute rejection was observed in tacrolimus group (15% vs. 27.3%) though the difference was not significant (P = 0.23). The absolute value and the rate of decline of creatinine clearance were both significantly better in tacrolimus-treated patients. Prevalence of hypertension, post-transplant diabetes mellitus, infection, and malignancy were similar in both groups. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (11/33 vs. 4/33) and gum hypertrophy (6/33 vs. 1/33) was more common in cyclosporine-treated patients (P = 0.04 in both parameters). This was the first prospective, randomized study with paired kidney analysis showing the renal function was significantly better in tacrolimus-treated patients than in cyclosporine-treated patients.     

Comparison of near heterophoria tests under varying conditions on an adult sample

PURPOSE: This study compared the near phoria measurement using the Bernell muscle balance card with and without prism neutralization, using both trial frame and phoropter correction, and compared with the conventional Maddox rod method. METHODS: Forty young normal Chinese adults had their near phoria measured with trial frame correction using the conventional muscle balance card method (method 1). Any deviation was compensated with a prism bar as an alternative approach (method 2). The conventional Maddox rod method (method 3) was also carried out for comparison. These three methods were repeated with phoropter correction and considered as methods 4, 5 and 6. RESULTS: The phorias obtained from these six methods were not significantly different from each other (repeated measures anova, p > 0.05). More than half of the subjects were exophoric. Although the difference in phoria was not significant, phoria measurement using phoropter correction yielded a greater coefficient of variation. CONCLUSIONS: Near phoria measurement using the muscle balance card conducted with trial frame correction was less variable, and was also more natural and similar to a real reading situation. The use of prism for compensation did not affect the phoria results. Exophoria seems to be more common than esophoria in young Chinese adults.