Neural correlates of error processing reflect individual differences in interoceptive sensitivity

Although self-monitoring is an important process for adaptive behaviors in multiple domains, the exact relationship among different internal monitoring systems is unclear. Here, we aimed to determine whether and how physiological monitoring (interoception) and behavioral monitoring (error processing) are related to each other. To this end we examined within-subject correlations among measures representing each function. Score on the heartbeat counting task (HCT) was used as a measure of interoceptive awareness. The amplitude of two event-related potentials (error-related negativity [ERN] and error-positivity [Pe]) elicited in error trials of a choice-reaction task (Simon task) were used as measures of error processing. The Simon task presented three types of stimuli (objects, faces showing disgust, and happy faces) to further examine how emotional context might affect inter-domain associations. Results showed that HCT score was robustly correlated with Pe amplitude (the later portion of error-related neural activity), irrespective of stimulus condition. In contrast, HCT score was correlated with ERN amplitude (the early component) only when participants were presented with disgust-faces as stimuli, which may have automatically elicited a physiological response. Behavioral data showed that HCT score was associated with the degree to which reaction times slowed after committing errors in the object condition. Cardiac activity measures indicated that vigilance level would not explain these correlations. These results suggest a relationship between physiological and behavioral monitoring. Furthermore, the degree to which behavioral monitoring relies on physiological monitoring appears to be flexible and depend on the situation.     

跟骨钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对31例(36足)行切开复位、跟骨钛板螺钉内固定治疗,20例植骨。结果随访时间7~35个月,参照M aryland足部评分系统评定,优21足,良14足,可1足。结论跟骨外侧入路切开复位跟骨钛板螺钉内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法。     

国产氟罗沙星体外抗菌活性研究

测定国产氟罗沙星对４９３株临床分离细菌的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ），并与氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、环丙沙星和几种头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类抗生素作了比较。结果表明：氟罗沙星对革兰氏阴性细菌有强大抗菌活性，对肠杆菌科细菌的ＭＩＣ９０≤１μｇ／ｍｌ。对铜绿假单胞菌亦有较强抗菌活性，其ＭＩＣ５０、ＭＩＣ９０分别为２和４μｇ／ｍｌ。金葡球菌（含ＭＲＳＡ菌株）对氟罗沙星亦很敏感，ＭＩＣ９０≤１μｇ／ｍｌ。链球菌属对其基本耐药，ＭＩＣ９０为８～１６μｇ／ｍｌ。对大多数常见致病菌，氟罗沙星体外抗菌活性与氧氟沙星、洛美沙星相近，稍逊于环丙沙星。对革兰氏阴性菌，氟罗沙星与头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、阿米卡星相当，优于头孢唑林、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、庆大霉素。耐庆大霉素、头孢菌素菌株对氟罗沙星仍敏感。细菌对氟罗沙星单步自发耐药突变频率极低，但通过连续传代培养可以培育出对氟罗沙星高度耐药菌株。     

Toxoplasma gondii infection inhibits the development of lupus-like syndrome in autoimmune (New Zealand Black x New Zealand White) F1 mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and lupus nephritis. In the present study using New Zealand Black (NZB) x New Zealand White (NZW) F1 (NZBW F1) mice, we planned to investigate the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the progress of lupus nephritis. Female NZBW F1 mice at the age of 2 months were perorally infected with T. gondii. The T. gondii infection reduced the number of mice developing proteinuria and immune complex deposits in their kidneys and prolonged their life span. A marked decrease in the levels of IgM and IgG anti-DNA antibodies, especially IgG2a and IgG3 subclasses, was observed in T. gondii-infected NZBW F1 mice at 9 months of age. The level of anti-HSP70 IgG autoantibody in the sera of NZBW F1 mice was significantly higher than that in control mice at 9 weeks after T. gondii infection. Moreover, NZBW F1 mice treated with anti-self heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) monoclonal antibody were substantially protected against the onset of glomerulonephritis. Further, down-regulation of intracellular expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was shown in spleen cells of T. gondii-infected NZBW F1 mice. This was consistent with the previous data indicating the involvement of Th1-type and Th2-type cytokines in the development of lupus-like nephritis. These results suggest that T. gondii infection is capable of preventing the development of autoimmune renal disorder in NZBW F1 mice.     

TLR2 as an essential molecule for protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection

To investigate the role of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in host defense against Toxoplasma gondii, we infected TLR2-, TLR4- and MyD88-deficient mice with the avirulent cyst-forming Fukaya strain of T. gondii. All TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice died within 8 days, whereas all TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice survived after i.p. infection with a high dose of T. gondii. Peritoneal macrophages from T. gondii-infected TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice did not produce any detectable levels of NO. T. gondii loads in the brain tissues of TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice were higher than in those of TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice. Furthermore, high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 were produced in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice after infection, but low levels of cytokines were produced in PEC of TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice. On the other hand, high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were produced in PEC of TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice after infection, but low levels of cytokines were produced in PEC of TLR4-deficient and wild-type mice. The most remarkable histological changes with infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in lungs of TLR2-deficient mice infected with T. gondii, where severe interstitial pneumonia occurred and abundant T. gondii were found.     

Prevalence and causes of functional disability in an elderly general population of Japanese: the Hisayama study

Background

There are limited data on the prevalence and causes of disability in the elderly general population in Japan.

Methods

In a population-based cross-sectional study of 1550 Japanese aged 65 years or older, we examined the prevalence of functional disability (defined as a Barthel Index score of ≤95) and its causes.

Results

A total of 311 of the participants had a disability (prevalence 20.1%). The prevalence of disability increased with age and doubled with every 5-year increment in age. Prevalence was higher in women than in men, especially among those aged 85 years or older. With respect to the cause of functional disability, dementia accounted for 23.5%, stroke for 24.7%, orthopedic disease for 12.9%, and other disease for 38.9% of cases in men; in women, the respective values were 35.8%, 9.3%, 31.0%, and 23.9%. Regarding age, dementia was the most frequent cause of disability in subjects aged 75 years or older, whereas stroke was most common in subjects aged 65 to 74 years. Approximately two-thirds of cases of total dependence were attributed to dementia in both sexes, whereas the main cause of slight or moderate/severe dependence was stroke in men and orthopedic disease in women. Among participants with total dependence, 94.8% resided in a hospital or health care facility.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that functional disability is common among Japanese elderly adults and that its major cause is stroke in men and dementia in women.Key words: functional disability, dementia, stroke, prevalence, Japanese elderly     

In Vitro Chondrogenic Phenotype Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

In order to study the chondrogenic phenotype differentiation of adult sheep bone marrowderived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a defined medium as potential seed cells for cartilage tissue engineering, MSCs were isolated by density centrifugation with Percoll solution from bone marrow aspirated from sheep iliac crest. The third passage of MSCS were induced with H-DMEM containing TGF-β3 .IGF-I, Dexamethasone and VitC. The shape and ultrastructure of cells were observed, toluidine blue stain for GAG and immunohistochemistry for type II collagen were applied for chondrogenic phenotype identification. After 14 days of induction, MSCs changed from a spindlelike appearance to a polynal shape, a large amount of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria were observed, and the differentiation of MSCs chondrogenic phenotype was verified by positive staining of toluidine blue and immunohistochemistry. MSCs derived from bone marrow can differentiate to chondrogenic phenotype when induced in vitro and can be used as optimal seed cells for cartilage tissue engineering.     

中西医结合治疗男性非淋病性尿道炎60例疗效观察

目的观察中西医结合治疗男性非淋病性尿道炎(NGU)的临床疗效和不良反应。方法将118例非淋病性尿道炎男性患者随机分为2组,对照组58例用美满霉素胶囊0.1 g(首次加倍),每日2次,饭后口服;治疗组60例在对照组治疗基础上加服中药非淋汤加味治疗。2组均15日为1个疗程,1个疗程后统计疗效。结果治疗组痊愈率91.67%,愈显率98.33%;对照组痊愈率77.59%,愈显率84.48%。2组痊愈率、愈显率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中西医结合治疗男性非淋病性尿道炎的临床疗效显著。     

某综合医院684例医务人员职业暴露案例的回顾分析

目的 分析医务人员职业暴露流行病学特点.方法 收集2012年至2016年684例医务人员职业暴露信息,根据其流行病学特点,分析职业暴露原因,提出防控措施.结果 工作年限不超过5年的工作人员(76.46％)易发生职业暴露;护士(65.64％)是主要的人群;手术室的发生密度最高;第3季度和每日10:00-10:59是高发季节和时段.锐器伤(79.39％)是主要的暴露方式;处理治疗后污物、拔针、手术操作是职业暴露的高危操作.随访发现1例HCV感染,感染率为0.15％.结论 护理人员与低年资工作人员是医务人员职业暴露的高危人群,手术室是职业暴露的高发地点,每年第3季度与每日交接班之前时段是职业暴露的高发季节和高发时段.构建安全工作环境,合理分配人力资源、优化工作流程、加强职业安全培训、规范操作过程、建立职业暴露“多学科协作(multidisciplinary-teamwork,MDT)”快速反应机制或可预防职业暴露发生.     

T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折

目的评价T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的疗效。方法按AO分类为B、C型的32例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折，使用斜T形或T形钢板行内固定治疗。结果32例均获得随访，时间6～18月（平均12个月）。按Dienst标准评价疗效：优19例，良9例，可4例。结论T形钢板能提供坚强的固定，术后功能较好，是治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的较理想的方法。