超声与神经阻滞

高频超声可清晰地显示外周神外,用超声引导行外周神经阻滞能更好地减少操作的盲目性并提高成功率。本文就国外对外周神经的超声影像学研究,超声引导外周神经阻滞技术的临床应用和评价作一综述。     

品管圈活动对手术室标本管理质量的影响

目的:观察品管圈(QCC)活动在手术室标本管理中的应用效果及对管理质量的影响。方法:将我院2011年7月~2012年12月期间共收集到6424例手术病理标本记为改进前组(A组)。2013年7月~2014年12月期间所收集6584例手术室标本为改进后组(B组)。对A组、B组标本缺陷率、工作效益及远期效益进行比较。结果:QCC活动实施后:标本缺陷、工作效益和远期效益:B组均比A组有显著进步,两组比较差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:在手术室标本管理中,QCC活动可大幅降低标本缺陷率,提高工作效率及医院经济效益。     

3所中等职业学校学生危险行为调查研究

目的了解昆明市中等职业学校学生相关危险行为发生情况。方法结合云南少数民族生活习惯,设计健康行为调查问卷,收回后计算相关危险行为发生的百分比。结果17.9%的学生曾吸过烟;49.2%的学生曾喝过酒;4.7%的学生曾服用可引起依赖的药物;48.9%的学生在学校没有接受过预防艾滋病的健康教育;29.8%的学生看过描写性行为的书刊、影碟等。结论中等职业学校学生阶段,吸烟、饮酒与易成瘾药物使用是影响他们健康的主要危险行为;艾滋病相关知识知晓率低,应开展性知识和HIV/AIDS的健康教育。     

骶骨肿瘤切除重建手术麻醉中的相关问题探讨(附158例报道)

目的对骶骨肿瘤切除重建手术麻醉中出现的各种相关问题进行探讨,以总结临床经验。方法对158例次骶骨肿瘤切除重建手术麻醉中出现的相关情况进行回顾性分析,以此总结手术麻醉中应当注意的问题。结果158例次患者术中出血量1 500~6 500 ml,平均3 500 ml;输血量1 000~6 000 ml,平均3 300 ml;术中行肿瘤切除时出现平均动脉压(MAP)下降至60 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)以下66例,发生率为41.77%(66/158),术中发生严重过敏反应8例,均得到及时有效处理。术中采用高容性血液稀释和控制性降压方法与单纯使用控制性降压比较,术中行肿瘤切除前者(血液稀释组)的血红蛋白与血球压积均较后者(对照组)下降(P<0.05),术后1 h行血液稀释组的两项指标与对照组无明显差异。两组在手术方式及术中出血量和输液量均无明显差异(P>0.05)。而术中输血量对照组较血液稀释组明显增加(P<0.05)。结论骶骨肿瘤手术出血量大,术中情况复杂,采用高容性血液稀释法及合理地控制性减压可以减少术中出血及输血量,围术期可能出现如过敏反应,交感反射,以及术中知晓、术后躁动等特殊情况,及时有效地处理是关键。     

肝移植术后再次手术的麻醉处理

目的总结27例肝移植术(OLT)后患者行非肝脏手术的临床麻醉经验,探讨其特点。方法2003年2月—2007年6月共有27例OLT术后患者施行了非肝脏手术,其中,术后早期开腹探查8例,腰椎肿瘤14例,神经纤维瘤3例,上臂肿瘤1例,肾上腺肿瘤1例,5例合并高血压。男性22例,女性5例。26例患者采用了静吸复合全身麻醉;1例患者采用臂丛神经阻滞。结果术后早期开腹探查术平均手术时间为(102±33)min,19例非肝脏手术时间为(156±21)min;早期开腹探查术术后拔管时间平均为(30±21)min,非肝脏手术术后拔管时间平均为(18±11)min;早期开腹探查术术中出血平均为(282±198)ml,非肝脏手术术中出血平均为(837±221)ml,术中8例患者输血。全部患者均未使用去氧肾上腺素和肾上腺素。所有患者无围术期死亡;术后无肺部感染和其他部位感染;术后无一例发生肝、肾功能衰竭;术后未发生一例急性排异反应。结论OLT术后患者再手术的麻醉选择应考虑多方因素,围术期应保持血流动力学平稳,保护肝脏功能,防治感染等。     

353例小儿肾小球疾病的病理及临床分布特点

目的：了解小儿肾小球疾病病理与临床分布特点。方法收集353例肾活检患儿资料进行回顾性分析。结果353例患儿中诊断为紫癜性肾炎117例（33.1%）,孤立性血尿94例（26.6%）,原发性肾病综合征87例（24.6%）,急性肾炎综合征23例（6.5%）,其次还有乙肝相关性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、孤立性蛋白尿、慢性肾炎等。肾小球疾病中以原发性肾小球疾病最为常见（206例,占58.4%）,病理改变主要为：系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）66例,占32.0%;IgA 肾病（IgA N）54例,占26.2%;轻微病变37例,占18.0%;其他还包括微小病变（MCD）、膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MPGN）、膜性肾病（MN）、毛细血管增生性肾小球肾炎等。继发性肾小球疾病以紫癜性肾炎最常见。结论肾小球疾病以原发性肾小球疾病为主,临床诊断以孤立性血尿最常见,继发性肾炎以紫癜性肾炎最常见。     

High Physical Activity is Associated with an Improved Lipid Profile and Resting Heart Rate among Healthy Middle-aged Chinese People

Objective To investigate the effects of physical activity (PA) on dyslipidemia and elevated resting heart rate (RHR) in a large-scale cross-sectional study in China. Methods We recruited community-based individuals who were 40-60 years old using a cluster sampling method. The PA levels of the participants were classified as low, moderate, or high, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Dyslipidemia was defined as the detection of abnormalities in lipid indicators, and 4 lipid parameters were evaluated using fasting blood samples. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of PA with dyslipidemia and RHR. Results A total of 10,321 participants (38.88% men) were included in this study. The percentages of individuals with high, moderate, and low PA levels were 46.5%, 43.9%, and 9.6%, respectively. In both men and women, high PA provided odds ratios of 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83, 0.94] for dyslipidemia and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.92) for elevated RHR, compared to participants with low PA. Conclusion Our data suggested that substantial health benefits (related to dyslipidemia and elevated RHR) occurred at higher intensity PA, with greater energy consumption, in middle-aged Chinese people, and particularly in men.     

经典三叉神经痛的治疗新进展

各种病因导致的三叉神经痛严重影响患者的生命健康,因对其发病机制不甚清楚,所以目前尚缺乏有效的治疗方法。临床中主要的治疗方法有药物治疗、手术治疗、放射治疗、中医治疗、基因治疗和其他疗法等,每种方法各有利弊,其中基因治疗是研究的热门方向。本文对各种方法治疗三叉神经痛的进展作一综述。     

0～3岁婴幼儿骨密度与体格发育指标相关性分析

目的:研究0~3岁婴幼儿骨密度与体格发育指标的关系,探讨体格发育对婴幼儿骨密度的影响.方法:对在长沙市妇幼保健院体检的1093名0~3岁婴幼儿测量骨密度,分析体格发育指标与骨密度的相关性.结果:婴幼儿骨密度值随年龄增长而增高,年龄越小,骨密度检出不足率越高;在多元逐步回归分析中年龄、性别、身长对骨密度正性影响.结论:婴幼儿骨密度随年龄增长而增高并受性别、身长影响,提示婴幼儿体格发育正常对促进骨骼健康有重要意义.     

Disparities in Geographic Accessibility of National Cancer Institute Cancer Centers in the United States

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Centers form the backbone of the cancer care system in the United States since their inception in the early 1970s. Most studies on their geographic accessibility used primitive measures, and did not examine the disparities across urbanicity or demographic groups. This research uses an advanced accessibility method, termed “2-step floating catchment area (2SFCA)” and implemented in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to capture the degree of geographic access to NCI Cancer Centers by accounting for competition intensity for the services and travel time between residents and the facilities. The results indicate that urban advantage is pronounced as the average accessibility is highest in large central metro areas, declines to large fringe metro, medium metro, small metro, micropolitan and noncore rural areas. Population under the poverty line are disproportionally concentrated in lower accessibility areas. However, on average Non-Hispanic White have the lowest geographic accessibility, followed by Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Black and Asian, and the differences are statistically significant. The “reversed racial disadvantage” in NCI Cancer Center accessibility seems counterintuitive but is consistent with an influential prior study; and it is in contrast to the common observation of co-location of concentration of minority groups and people under the poverty line.