脂联素水平与运动及机体肥胖的相关性

学术背景:脂联素在健康机体血浆中含量丰富,但在冠心病、肥胖、2型糖尿病及原发性高血压等疾病中,脂联素水平下降,且其下降程度与病情严重程度呈正相关.目的:分析近年来有关运动对肥胖与2型糖尿病患者机体脂联素水平的影响.检索策略:应用计算机检索PubMed数据库1995-01/2006-12有关脂联素与运动的文献.检索词“adiponectin,exercise“,限定文章语言种类为English.同时计算机检索中文数据库CNKI 1995-01/2006-12有关脂联素与运动的文献,检索词“脂联素,运动“,限定文章语言种类为中文.共收集到51篇相关文献.对资料进行初审,选取所有运动与脂联素水平相关的文献,并查找原文.纳入标准:重点选择有关探讨运动对肥胖及2型糖尿病患者脂联素影响的文献.排除标准:重复研究.文献评价:排除19篇因研究目的与本研究无关的文献,最终纳入符合标准的文献32篇.资料综合:脂联素是脂肪细胞特异分泌的一种激素蛋白,具有调节能量平衡、增强胰岛素敏感性、抗动脉粥样硬化及抗炎等广泛的生物学作用,是肥胖与糖尿病患者体内第一个下调的脂肪因子,与胰岛素抵抗的发生发展密切相关.运动作为一种对机体有益的刺激因子能否影响肥胖及糖尿病患者体内脂联素水平,或通过刺激内源性脂联素增加从而改善患者体内胰岛素抵抗,是近年来研究运动与脂联素的热点之一.文章在介绍脂联素生物学概况的基础上,对近年来有关运动对肥胖及糖尿病患者脂联素水平影响的研究进行了评述.结论:由于脂联素所具有的机体保护作用,近年来有关运动对肥胖及糖尿病患者脂联素水平影响的研究结果不够一致,仍需进一步的深入研究,尤其需要从机制方面进行探讨.     

Giant Asian honeybee or Bambara stings causing myocardial infarction,bowel gangrene and fatal anaphylaxis in Sri Lanka: a case series

The sting of Giant Asian honeybee (Apis dorsata) or Bambara in Sinhala and Karunge Kulavi in Tamil is a common environmental hazard in Sri Lanka known to cause immediate allergic reactions, which could be fatal in sensitized individuals. We reported myocardial infarction, bowel gangrene and fatal anaphylaxis in a prospectively proven case series and the association of these uncommon complications with delayed removal of stingers from the patients' skin.     

Outpatient metrizamide myelography: prospective evaluation of safety and cost effectiveness

A group of 228 consecutive patients undergoing metrizamide myelography was prospectively evaluated for postprocedure symptoms. The observed prevalence of these symptoms concurs with previously reported inpatient studies, with the most common sequelae being exacerbation or onset of spine or extremity pain, headache, nausea, and paresthesia. Limitation of administered dose of metrizamide in lumbar myelography may slightly reduce the occurrence of common symptoms, but withdrawal of contrast medium at the completion of examination had no impact on their occurrence. There was a higher occurrence of paresthesia in cervical myelography, but otherwise there was no significant difference in symptoms between cervical and lumbar studies. Outpatient metrizamide myelography can be performed with relative safety with the potential for significant cost savings.     

US-guided percutaneous biopsy: use of a screw biopsy stylet to aid needle detection

Insertion of a screw biopsy stylet into a thin-walled biopsy needle greatly enhances detection of the needle during ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy. This technique is helpful when precise needle-tip localization is needed for biopsies of small lesions.     

Osteosarcoma: use of MR imaging and MR spectroscopy in clinical decision making

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on 14 patients with histologically proved osteosarcoma (mean age, 14.4 years). There was excellent correlation of intramedullary tumor extent as determined with MR imaging and pathologic examination (r = 99%). This was facilitated by the presence of a chemical shift artifact at the tumor-marrow interface on the T1-weighted images. The correlation between CT and pathologic findings was not as good (r = 84%). In a single patient, however, a 10-cm length of sclerotic bone was incorrectly interpreted as being tumor. If this case is excluded, the correlation between CT and pathologic findings improves significantly (r = 96%). T2-weighted images were optimal in demonstrating soft-tissue bulk and breach of the epiphysis or cortex. Vascular involvement was also readily defined. The T2 value of the tumor soft-tissue component decreased in patients who were deemed to have responded well to therapy. Two patients with very high T2 values after chemotherapy developed wide-spread metastatic disease and died. Phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy of five patients with osteosarcoma showed elevated levels of phosphomonoesters (PMEs), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and phosphodiesters (PDEs). PME and PDE peak areas decreased in three patients after chemotherapy, while Pi peak areas increased.     

The place of simultaneous pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic modeling in new drug development: trends and perspectives*

Summary— The potential applications in drug development of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling are numerous: optimal medication regimen, design of galenic forms, identification of specific effects of metabolites and enantiomers. Nevertheless, this methodology is presently under-used, as appears from an analysis of the literature. We examine this point as well as progress in both non-invasive pharmacodynamic measurement and specific experimental design that could lead to a future extension of PK-PD in toxicology and phase I drug development.