Inhibitors of urinary stone formation in 40 recurrent stone formers

The excretion of four inhibitors of urinary stone formation (zinc, magnesium, citrates and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was studied in 20 normal controls and 40 recurrent calcium stone formers who were placed on a fixed diet restricted in calcium, oxalates and purines. We were unable to show any abnormality in the excretion of Zn, Mg or GAG. In 11 patients, a low level of urinary citrate was a significant feature that was associated in most cases with a urinary pH value above 6. Citrate concentration (per litre) and output (per 24 h) were found to be lower than in the controls in 19 and 33% respectively of the determinations. The overall ratio of average urinary citrate concentration in patients and controls was 0.56, a figure in agreement with previous data.     

Reelin expression is upregulated following ocular tissue injury

Purpose Reelin is important in the guidance of neuronal stem cells in the central nervous system during normal development. We wished to determine whether reelin is expressed in the retina and cornea after injury. Methods Mice underwent laceration of their retina as well as corneal epithelial debridement. The mice were sacrificed at 3 days, and eyes were fixed and stained for reelin expression and reelin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Results In normal eyes, reelin was expressed only at very low levels in the ganglion cell layer of the retina and the endothelial cell layer of the cornea. In injured eyes, there was marked expression in reelin immunoreactivity in the retina and cornea. Reelin gene expression was seen in the retina and cornea. Conclusions Reelin is expressed during normal retinogenesis. This study shows that reelin is also upregulated following injury to the retina and cornea. The expression of reelin following injury suggests that reelin may play an important role in regulating stem cell trafficking in neuronal and nonneuronal tissues following injury similar to its role in normal organogenesis. For consideration of publication in Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.     

Recombinant α2(IV)NC1 domain of type IV collagen is an effective regulator of retinal capillary endothelial cell proliferation and inhibits pre-retinal neovascularisation

Background A recombinant form of the α2(IV)NC1 domain of type IV collagen has been shown to have potent anti-angiogenic activity although this peptide has not been studied in the context of proliferative retinopathies. In the current investigation we examined the potential for α2(IV)NC1 to regulate retinal microvascular endothelial cell function using a range of in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Materials and methods α2(IV)NC1 at concentrations between 0.1 and 1 μg/ml was added to retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) followed by assessment of cell attachment, proliferation and survival. This agent was also tested within a novel in vitro three-dimensional retinal angiogenesis assay and the number of angiogenic sprouts quantified. α2(IV)NC1 was also delivered intra-vitreally to mice with oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy (OIR) and neovascularisation evaluated in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. Results RMECs treated with α2(IV)NC1 (0.1, 0.5 and 1 μg/ml) showed delayed attachment at 3 h post-seeding, although this deficit had been restored at the 6-h time point. BrdU assay of DNA replication revealed that confluent RMECs treated with α2(IV)NC1 showed no measurable response in comparison with vehicle-treated controls. By contrast, proliferation of sub-confluent RMECs was significantly reduced by α2(IV)NC1 at 0.5 μg/ml (P<0.01). α2(IV)NC1 also induced apoptosis in RMECs and inhibited angiogenesis of pre-existing retinal vascular networks in vitro (P<0.001). Intra-vitreal injection of α2(IV)NC1 in the OIR model significantly inhibited pre-retinal neovascularisation compared with vehicle-treated controls (P<0.001). Conclusion α2(IV)NC1 inhibits angiogenesis in the retinal microvasculature. This recombinant protein has potential for the treatment of neovascularisation in proliferative retinopathies. BioStratum Inc. did not sponsor this research in any way. None of the authors are paid consultants with this company.