Model invariant method for extracting single-channel mean open and closed times from heterogeneous multichannel records.

We present a proof that the mean open (and closed) times of the individual channels in a multichannel record can be found in a model-independent fashion. As the results are model independent, they can be derived by assuming the simplest model for all the channels, namely that they all have the basic CLOSED in equilibrium with OPEN scheme. In particular, the method can be applied to patches where the channel population is heterogenous with respect to open probability. Multichannel simulations are performed to test the limits of applicability of this method to restricted amounts of data. One conclusion is that increasing the number of channels does not substantially reduce the errors in estimating the mean times, in spite of the 'increased information' present. We also prove the general applicability of the algorithm of Fenwick et al. (1982) in estimating the mean times without knowledge of the number of channels present, and discuss its limitations. An illustration using experimental data is also given.     

超声引导下肿瘤内注射^90钇玻璃微球的肝癌综合治疗

超声引导下对２８例肝癌病人进行了肿瘤内注射＾９０钇玻璃微球（Ｙ－９０ＧＴ ＭＳ）为主的综合性治疗（部分病人配合肿块周边注射无水酒精及门静脉穿刺化疗）。随访２～１６个月（平均７．９个月），病人全健在。肿瘤缩小率为９１％，其中显著缩小达７５％；肿块回声呈致密增强，少数呈混合型或等回声型；肿瘤内及周边血流信号显著减少；原甲胎蛋白升高者１３例，１１例显著下降，其中６例降至正常；病人症状减轻，全身情况改善。     

住院糖尿病病人病情分析

目的:通过对近年来我院住院糖尿病病人的资料分析,观察糖尿病转归、并发症的发生率及死亡原因.方法:查阅全院住院糖尿病病人病历,对患者的相关临床资料登记.结果:糖尿病患病率呈逐年增加的趋势,与1993年相比,1997年患病率增加0.5倍,1998年患病率增加1倍,2001年前半年增加2倍.2001年上半年住院糖尿病病人高血压、冠心病和心梗的患病率分别为39.1%,35.2%和6.7%,住院高血压病人糖尿病患病率由1998年的6%增至2001年的9%,住院冠心病病人糖尿病患病率增高约10%(P＜0.01).住院心梗病人糖尿病患病率增高约15%(P＜0.05).近3.5年,有2618例糖尿病病人住院(1.95%),与非糖尿病病人相比,病死率无显著性差异.糖尿病主要死亡原因为感染(41.2%),终末期肾病(39.2%)及癌症(31.4%).由于冠心病及脑血管意外死亡仅为15%及13%,而呼吸道感染(81%)及足感染(63%)为主要死因.结论:近8.5年中,在33 005病人中糖尿病病人逐年增多,特别是在近4年中,提高约2倍.高血压、冠心病及心梗病人糖尿病患病率逐年增高.近3.5年中住院糖尿病病人的死亡主要原因并非是心血管病变,而是感染.糖尿病病人癌症病死率有所增加.提倡早期诊断,早期预防,早期治疗糖尿病,采取健康的生活方式.     

老年认知功能障碍与脑结构CT测量的相关性研究

目的探讨脑萎缩与老年认知功能障碍之间的相关性。方法对开滦集团公司1063名离退休职工进行健康查体,用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评定认知功能,按分界值将本次研究对象分为认知功能障碍组和认知功能正常组,同时用CT线性测量脑的相关部位以诊断脑萎缩情况,并对各型脑萎缩与认知功能的相关系数及提示老年认知功能障碍的敏感度、特异度、准确度进行分析。结果1063名观察对象中符合入选标准并资料完整者共计511名,其中108名有认知功能障碍,髓质脑萎缩55名、皮质萎缩5名、混合型萎缩30名;认知功能正常者403名,髓质脑萎缩214名、皮质萎缩13名、混合型萎缩62名。认知功能障碍组脑萎缩的发病率高于认知功能正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.005);2组间颞叶海马钩回间距(26.86mm±3.73mmvs25.95mm±3.80mm)及海马钩回间距/大脑左右径的比值(0.21±0.02vs0.20±0.02)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);海马钩回间距、皮质脑萎缩、混合型脑萎缩与认知功能障碍呈负相关(分别为r=-0.094,P=0.034,r=-0.156,P≈0.000,r=-0.147,P≈0.000),以海马钩回间距20mm提示老年认知功能障碍的敏感度最高(98.14%),混合型脑萎缩的特异度(84.86%)、准确度最高(72.80%)。结论CT测量相关脑结构,判断脑萎缩类型可以为老年认知功能障碍的诊断提供有价值的信息。     

Announcement

The name of one of the contributing authors to this paper was omitted from the list of authors that appeared on page 373. The correct list of authors and affiliations are printed below:     

Neuroprotective effect of estrogen after chronic spinal cord injury in ovariectomized rats

BACKGROUND: At present, there is still lack of effective drugs for chronic spinal cord injury, whereas it is found recently that estrogen has a neuroprotective effect on brain and spinal cord injuries. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of estrogen on the apoptosis of nerve cells after gradual chronic spinal cord injury in ovariectomized rats. DESIGN: A randomized controlled animal trial. SETTING: Institute of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University. MATERIALS: Sixty-five female Wistar rats of common degree, weighing 220–250 g, were provided by the experimental animal center of Lanzhou University. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group (n =5), estrogen-treated group (n =30) and saline control group (n =30), and the latter two groups were observed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days respectively, and 5 rats for each time point. METHODS: All the rats were treated with bilateral oophorectomy 2 weeks before the experiment. T10 vertebral lamina was revolved into using plastic screw. The spinal canal impingement was not induced initially. After that, the original incision was opened to expose the screw every 7–10 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The apoptosis and Caspase-3 positive cells in the damaged spinal cord were detected using terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and Caspase-3 immunohistochemical staining at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days after chronic spinal cord injury respectively. RESULTS: Totally 65 rats were used, and the deleted ones during the experiment were supplemented by others. Changes of Caspase-3 expression after spinal cord injury: In the sham-operated group, only a small amount of Caspase-3 proteins were observed in the rat spinal cord, mainly located in motor neurons of spinal cord anterior horn. In the estrogen-treated group and saline control group, positive cells expressed occasionally at 1 day postoperatively, began to increase obviously at 7 days after injury, strongly expressed at 14 and 28 days, but decreased at 60 days, mainly located in the neurons of spinal cord gray matter anterior horn, and they expressed fewer in the motor neurons and white matter of ventral horn, and there were obvious differences between the estrogen-treated group and saline control group at 7, 14, 28 and 60 days (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Estrogen can reduce the apoptosis of nerve cells and promote the recovery of neurological function following gradual chronic spinal cord injury.     

单片机自动灌流系统设计及其医学应用

介绍一种用单片机构成的自动灌流控制系统。它以灌流压为控制指标，以ＬＤＢ－Ｍ电子蠕动泵作为执行机构，构成闭环控制系统，能实现用户设定的各种液流压曲线。系统内采用了ＥＥＰＲＯＭ存储器，可对用户设定的多达１０条灌流曲线进行长期保存。