A simple and sensitive ELISA to detect immune (gamma) interferon induced I-A on a macrophage line

A convenient and sensitive cell surface ELISA is described to detect immune (gamma) interferon induced I-A determinants on a murine macrophage line, P388D1. The ELISA is performed on monolayers of P388D1 cells grown in 96-well culture plates for 2 days in the presence of recombinant gamma IFN or supernatants from cultures of antigen-activated T cells. After glutaraldehyde fixation, the cultured cells are overlayed with fetal calf serum to block nonspecific antibody binding during the assay. A double sandwich technique employing a monoclonal anti-I-Ad (MKD6) antibody followed by peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse gamma chain antibody is then used to detect the presence of I-A on the cell monolayers. Detection of I-A induced by both r gamma IFN and the supernatant from an antigen-stimulated T cell line was highly reproducible and sensitive using this method. Furthermore, the assay is easily performed and many sample supernatants can be rapidly screened for this activity. The assay is used by this laboratory to detect the antigen-stimulated production of gamma IFN by T cell clones and hybridomas.     

The Fas/Fas‐ligand system: a mechanism for immune evasion in human breast carcinomas

Breast tumors are frequently associated with a predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate, which constitutes an immune response against the tumor. In spite of this massive infiltrate, the immune response appears to be inefficient and the tumor is able to evade it. We propose that in breast cancer, tumor escape from immunological surveillance results from the induction of apoptosis of Fas-bearing activated lymphocytes by FasL-bearing breast cancer cells. To test this proposal we studied the expression of FasL by human breast carcinomas and the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western Blot. Moreover, we describe the presence of apoptosis and Fas expression in the lymphocytic population surrounding the tumor. Strong membranous and cytoplasmic staining was detected in ductal carcinomas and hyperplastic breast tissue, but it was absent from normal breast tissue. No staining was found in normal glands in the non-tumor quadrants; however, the normal appearing ducts surrounding the carcinoma (tumor quadrant) showed intense immunoreactivity. Apoptosis was found predominantly among the lymphocytic population, as well as in the blood vessels and fibro-fatty tissue close to the tumor. Further characterization of apoptotic cells demonstrated that they were CD3+ cells. Our results suggest the breast tumors may elude immunological surveillance by inducing, via the Fas/FasL system, the apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. Recent data have demonstrated FasL RNA in other tumor types. Upregulation of FasL expression in hyperplastic and normal breast ducts close to the tumor also suggests a possible role in early neoplastic transformation and proliferation.     

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每天推开房门，看到横七竖八堆放在沙发上的衣服，随处可见的化妆品、零七八碎的杂物，整个房屋显得凌乱无比。为了避免来客时的尴尬，为了方便每天早上的找物行动，借此换季之时，必须放弃原来乱七八糟没有条理的习惯。     

Improved quality of life among seasonal allergic rhinitis patients treated with olopatadine HCl nasal spray 0.4% and olopatadine HCl nasal spray 0.6% compared with vehicle placebo.

Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) exerts a significant adverse impact on health-related quality of life (QoL) and productivity of those who suffer from it. Unfortunately, some therapies for SAR also have a negative impact. Therefore, it is important to scrutinize the influence of new SAR therapies on patients' QoL and ability to function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new nasal antihistamine, olopatadine, on QoL in SAR patients. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind SAR study comparing olopatadine 0.6 and 0.4% to placebo nasal spray, patients completed the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment. The RQLQ is a validated questionnaire that addresses overall QoL and 7 domains of impairment associated with rhinoconjunctivitis (activities, sleep, non--nose/eye allergy symptoms, practical problems, nasal symptoms, eye symptoms, and emotional impairment). The overall RQLQ mean changes from baseline with olopatadine 0.6% (-1.1 +/- 1.4) and 0.4% (-1.1 +/- 1.3) nasal sprays were superior (p < 0.05) to placebo (-0.8 +/- 1.2). Olopatadine spray 0.6% was superior to placebo in six of the seven RQLQ domains and olopatadine 0.4% was superior to placebo in five RQLQ domains (p < 0.05). The correlation between the olopatadine 0.6% mean total symptom scores and mean RQLQ score was r = 0.66 (p < 0.0001), indicating that the enhancement in QoL derived from olopatadine therapy was significantly associated with symptom reduction. Olopatadine nasal spray is an effective antiallergy medication that significantly improves the QoL of patients suffering from SAR.     

Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder

Background:  We examined whether conduct disorder (CD) is associated with deficits in facial expression recognition and, if so, whether these deficits are specific to the early-onset form of CD, which emerges in childhood. The findings could potentially inform the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour, which suggests that early-onset and adolescence-limited forms of CD are subject to different aetiological processes.
Method:  Male adolescents with either early-onset CD ( n =  42) or adolescence-onset CD ( n =  39), and controls with no history of serious antisocial behaviour and no current psychiatric disorder ( n =  40) completed tests of facial expression and facial identity recognition. Dependent measures were: (a) correct recognition of facial expressions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and (b) the number of correct matches of unfamiliar faces.
Results:  Relative to controls, recognition of anger, disgust, and happiness in facial expressions was disproportionately impaired in participants with early-onset CD, whereas recognition of fear was impaired in participants with adolescence-onset CD. Participants with CD who were high in psychopathic traits showed impaired fear, sadness, and surprise recognition relative to those low in psychopathic traits. There were no group differences in facial identity recognition.
Conclusions:  Both CD subtypes were associated with impairments in facial recognition, although these were more marked in the early-onset subgroup. Variation in psychopathic traits appeared to exert an additional influence on the recognition of fear, sadness and surprise. Implications of these data for the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour are discussed.