The determination of alpha-tocopherol in blood serum]

A modified method for measuring vitamin E is described, making use of thin-layer chromatography with Silufol plates. Effects of various storage conditions of the blood serum on its vitamin E levels were examined. Vitamin E proved to be sufficiently stable at storage at -10 degrees C and defrosting under 20 degrees C. Comparison of this mode of storage with other ones has demonstrated its advantages. The method was tried in clinical practice in examinations of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic alcoholism, females suffering from infertility due to inflammations and healthy ones (controls) and found to be accurate, reproducible, and informative.     

Biologic variation of common hematologic laboratory quantities in the elderly

Analytic, within-subject, and between-subject biologic variations were estimated for leukocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin content (MCHC), platelets, and a three-component differential count (lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes in terms of both concentration and percentage of leukocytes) in cohorts of 12 male and 12 female healthy elderly subjects. The assays were performed with an Ortho ELT-800 automated analyzer. The estimates of within-subject biologic variation were similar to published data on young subjects, indicating that this aspect of homeostasis is not compromised in the elderly. The data were used to derive objective analytic goals; goals were surpassed except for assays of erythrocytes, hematocrit, and the derived MCV, MCH, and MCHC. The changes required for serial results to be significantly different were determined and found to be generally valid because most quantities have no heterogeneity of within-subject variation. All quantities had significant individuality; in consequence, conventional population-based reference values are of limited utility, and screening using reference limits will not detect latent or early disease in many subjects.     

Symptoms and behavioral features induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in an old Java monkey [Macaca cynomolgus fascicularis (Raffles)]

The study concerns symptoms and behavioral characteristics induced by MPTP in a 20-year-old Macaca cynomolgus fascicularis, their evolution over 7 months, and the animal's response to 1-dopa treatment. The symptoms which the animal developed include those that have been described earlier in Macaca mulatta and Saimiri sciureus, i.e., rigidity, action tremor, postural tremor, postural flexion, hypokinesia, and bradykinesia. In addition, however, the animal developed a 3.8 Hz resting tremor which in humans is pathognomonic of Parkinson's disease, as well as cogwheeling, the glabellar tap sign, drooling, impaired ability to relax, and many other symptoms. Also unlike previously described MPTP monkeys, the animal's symptoms neither improved spontaneously, nor did they remain stable shortly after MPTP injection. Instead, symptoms steadily progressed to reach a severe status 2 months after MPTP, and further progression was apparent after another 5 months. Therapeutic responses to 1-dopa required accumulation of or kindling by the 100 mg unit doses that were spaced 4 hr apart, were often organized in time as ON episodes that alternated with OFF episodes, and were associated with dyskinesias and bizarre behavior. Of particular interest is that the animal showed kinesia paradoxa which, in humans, constitutes a feature that is unique to Parkinson's disease among the extrapyramidal disorders. In addition to available evidence, the present findings validate the syndrome induced by MPTP in monkey as an animal analogue of Parkinson's disease. Taxonomic category, age, and the occurrence of shock in response to MPTP are discussed as variables that may possibly co-determine the pathology which MPTP may induce in monkey.     

Angeborene Fehlinnervationssyndrome

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) are responsible for 1–2% of infant strabismus cases. Insufficient innervation and misinnervation of aberrant nerve fibres lead to motility restrictions and synkinesis. We present the most common CCDDs and explain their pathogenesis and the resulting clinical features. Furthermore, we emphasize essential diagnostic steps and treatment aspects.     

Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis

There is now good evidence that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) rather than humoral antibody plays a causal role in acquired immunity to leishmaniasis. In genetically susceptible strains of mice, the failure to control the disease progression is associated with a population of Lyt-2-T cells which can prevent the induction or expression of curative CMI and hence exacerbate disease development. Susceptible BALB/c mice can be rendered resistant to L. major infection by prior sublethal dose gamma-irradiation, anti-mu antibody treatment from birth, anti-L3T4 antibody treatment or intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route of immunisation with killed L. major promastigotes or isolated leishmanial antigens. The route of immunisation, however, appears crucial in the induction of prophylactic immunity. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular routes of immunisation with killed promastigotes are not only ineffective, they induce a population of Lyt-2- L3T4+ T cells which inhibit the prophylactic effect of i.v. immunisation. Although both the disease-promoting T cells and the host-protective T cells express the same phenotypic cell surface markers, they differ functionally. Protective T cells produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and macrophage-activating factor (MAF) when cultured in vitro with leishmanial antigens, whereas the disease-promoting T cells do not. In addition, these latter cells are able to produce substances in their antigen-specific culture supernatant which inhibits the MAF activity of the host protective T cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)