Influence of physical activity on vertebral strength during late adolescence

Background contextReduced vertebral strength is a clear risk factor for vertebral fractures. Men and women with vertebral fractures often have reduced vertebral size and bone mineral density (BMD). Vertebral strength is controlled by both genetic and developmental factors. Malnutrition and low levels of physical activity are commonly considered to result in reduced bone size during growth. Several studies have also demonstrated the general relationship between BMD and physical activity in the appendicular skeleton.PurposeIn this study, we wanted to clarify the role of physical activity on vertebral bodies. Vertebral dimensions appear to generally be less pliant than long bones when lifetime changes occur. We wanted to explore the association between physical activity during late adolescence and vertebral strength parameters such as cross-sectional size and BMD.Study designThe association between physical activity and vertebral strength was explored by measuring vertebral strength parameters and defining the level of physical activity during adolescence.Patient sampleThe study population consisted of 6,928 males and females who, at 15 to 16 and 19 years of age, responded to a mailed questionnaire inquiring about their physical activity. A total of 558 individuals at the mean age of 21 years underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.MethodsWe measured the dimensions of the fourth lumbar vertebra from the MRI scans of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 and performed T2* relaxation time mapping, reflective of BMD. Vertebral strength was based on these two parameters. We analyzed the association of physical activity on vertebral strength using the analysis of variance.Results and conclusionsWe observed no association between the level of physical activity during late adolescence and vertebral strength at 21 years.     

Human Protoparvovirus DNA and IgG in Children and Adults with and without Respiratory or Gastrointestinal Infections

Three human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus (BuV), tusavirus (TuV) and cutavirus (CuV), have recently been discovered in diarrheal stool. BuV has been associated with diarrhea and CuV with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, but there are hardly any data for TuV or CuV in stool or respiratory samples. Hence, using qPCR and IgG enzyme immunoassays, we analyzed 1072 stool, 316 respiratory and 445 serum or plasma samples from 1098 patients with and without gastroenteritis (GE) or respiratory-tract infections (RTI) from Finland, Latvia and Malawi. The overall CuV-DNA prevalences in stool samples ranged between 0–6.1% among our six patient cohorts. In Finland, CuV DNA was significantly more prevalent in GE patients above rather than below 60 years of age (5.1% vs 0.2%). CuV DNA was more prevalent in stools among Latvian and Malawian children compared with Finnish children. In 10/11 CuV DNA-positive adults and 4/6 CuV DNA-positive children with GE, no known causal pathogens were detected. Interestingly, for the first time, CuV DNA was observed in two nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with RTI and the rare TuV in diarrheal stools of two adults. Our results provide new insights on the occurrence of human protoparvoviruses in GE and RTI in different countries.     

An examination of adolescents who were and were not exposed to "Teens Stopping AIDS": reaching the hard-to-reach

Teens Stopping AIDS (TSA) was an HIV prevention project in Sacramento, California, that involved coalitions of volunteers in designing and launching a social marketing intervention. Mounted in 15 zip codes where teen sexually transmitted disease (STD) and pregnancy rates were high, TSA delivered HIV prevention messages for one year through various communication channels (e.g., radio spots, posters, skills-building workshops). Sixty-seven percent of 521 sexually active adolescents surveyed in a random sample phone interview reported exposure to TSA. To inform future refinements in the intervention, logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with exposure to the program. Eighteen-year-olds were less likely than their younger counterparts to report exposure to TSA (OR [odds ratio] = .54, p <.05). Adolescents living in zip codes where a concentrated effort had been made to hold workshops, display posters, and organize peer outreach were more likely than adolescents living outside of these zip codes to report any program exposure (OR= 2.57, p <.01). Adolescents traditionally viewed as "hard to reach" (i.e., males, minorities, and those with a history of high-risk behavior) were no less likely than other adolescents to report exposure to TSA. Characterizing the members of the unexposed segment of the target audience made it possible to offer practical suggestions for expanding the reach of the program.     

Familial dyslexia: neurocognitive and genetic correlation in a large Finnish family

Neuropsychological findings of individuals with dyslexia (n=24) from a large, three-generation Finnish family are presented. We have previously performed whole genome linkage scanning in this family and found that dyslexia in this kindred segregates with a single locus in the pericentromeric area of chromosome 3. Those included in the analyses were carefully evaluated for general cognitive ability, reading and spelling skills, and reading-related neurocognitive skills. The neurocognitive type of dyslexia segregating in this family consisted of deficits in phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory, and rapid naming. Severe dyslexia also seemed to be connected with a general language difficulty and was most common in the eldest generation.     

Cloning of an outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis in Escherichia coli

A gene bank of chromosomal DNA of Neisseria meningitidis group B was constructed in phage lambda EMBL3, and screened by rabbit polyclonal antibodies to major outer membrane (OM) proteins of the meningococcus. Several clones expressing a 28 kDa protein were found. The gene coding for the 28 kDa protein was subcloned into plasmid pUC18 in Escherichia coli. The protein was expressed in E. coli and located in the OM. Rabbit antibodies were raised to the 28 kDa protein purified from E. coli and used to localize the protein in the meningococcus. The antiserum recognized a minor protein of similar electrophoretic mobility in the outer membrane complex (OMC) of the meningococcus. The 28 kDa protein was found to be common to different Neisseria species; it was expressed by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Neisseria.     

Detecting a dexmedetomidine‐evoked reduction of noradrenaline release in the human brain with the alpha2C‐adrenoceptor PET ligand [11C]ORM‐13070

PET imaging can for some neurotransmitters be used to measure synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations. The objective of this study was to test whether the receptor binding of the α_2C‐AR antagonist PET tracer [¹¹C]ORM‐13070 would increase in response to reductions in synaptic noradrenaline, evoked by dexmedetomidine as a sympatholytic drug challenge. Six subjects underwent a control PET scan and two dexmedetomidine PET scans. Dexmedetomidine was infused with target plasma concentrations of 0.6 and 0.2 ng/ml. Tracer binding was measured by voxel‐based analysis of bound per free (B/F) images. ROI‐based analysis was performed in the dorsal striatum and in the thalamus. Vital signs and drug concentrations in plasma were measured and the sedative effect was estimated with the visual analog scale. In the voxel‐based analysis, dexmedetomidine administration was associated with a tendency to increased B/F tracer in the right thalamus (mean, +17%, P = 0.14, and +19%, P = 0.05, with the low and high dose, respectively). Tracer binding in the dorsal striatum was unaffected by dexmedetomidine. A cluster with significantly increased B/F tracer (+42%, P = 0.01) was seen in the right superior temporal gyrus with low‐dose dexmedetomidine, but not after the high dose. Brain uptake of [¹¹C]ORM‐13070 has previously been shown to be reduced in conditions of increased synaptic noradrenaline concentrations. In this study, tracer binding in the thalamus tended to increase in accordance with reduced activity of noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus, but statistical significance was not reached. Synapse 70:57–65, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.