Large scale fractionation of polyethylene by means of the continuous polymer fractionation (CPF) method

The countercurrent extraction method recently developed for the continuous polymer fractionation (CPF) was applied to linear polyethylene (M?_w = 55 kg/mol; M?_n = 16,7 kg/mol). At temperatures higher than 130°C, moderately concentrated solution of polyethylene were extracted to remove the low-molecular-weight components. Discontinuous fractionation experiments served to detect the best suited solvents. Diphenyl ether was chosen to demonstrate that the present extraction can be performed even with the same single solvent used to prepare the feed. For very high-molecular-weight polymers, mixed solvents are, however, normally better than single ones, since they allow an easier tailoring of thermodynamic conditions, and yield much less viscous solutions. Mixtures of tetralin and triethylene glycol turned out to be best suited for polyethylene. By means of four successive CPF runs with the single solvent, polyethylene fractions with non-uniformities U = (M?_w/M?_n) ? 1 of approx. 0,3 to 0,4 were obtained on a 100 g scale. The rule of thumb that U can be halved in each CPF step without extensive optimization of the method was corroborated.     

Collectin Liver 1 and Collectin Kidney 1 of the Lectin Complement Pathway Are Associated With Mortality After Kidney Transplantation

Kidney transplanted patients still have significantly higher mortality compared with the general population. The innate immune system may play an important role during periods, with suppression of the adaptive immune system. In the present study, two soluble pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system were investigated, collectin liver 1 (CL‐L1) and collectin kidney 1 (CL‐K1). Potential associations of their pretransplant levels and long‐term graft and recipient survival were examined. The levels of CL‐L1 and CL‐K1 were measured at the time of transplantation in 382 patients (≥17 years) transplanted in 2000–2001. The cohort was subsequently followed until December 31, 2014. Data on patient and graft survival were obtained from the Norwegian Renal Registry. Both high CL‐L1 (≥376 ng/mL) and high CL‐K1 (≥304 ng/mL) levels were significantly associated with overall mortality in multivariate Cox analyses with hazard ration (HR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–2.07, p = 0.013 and HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.02–1.99, p = 0.038, respectively. Moreover, high CL‐K1 levels were significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality. No association between measured biomarkers and death‐censored graft loss was found. Finally, there was a significant correlation between these two collectins, r = 0.83 (95% CI 0.80–0.86). In conclusion, CL‐L1 and CL‐K1 were significantly associated with mortality in kidney transplant recipients.     

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Long‐Term Clinical Outcome in Renal Transplant Patients: A Validation Study

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) are designed to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the association with a clinical phenotype. A previous GWAS performed in 300 renal transplant recipients identified two SNPs (rs3811321 and rs6565887) associated with serum creatinine and clinical outcome. We sought to validate these findings. Genotyping of the two SNPs was performed using Taqman assays in 1638 Caucasians participating in the Assessment of LEscol in Renal Transplant (ALERT) study. Primary endpoint was death‐censored graft loss, and secondary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Applying Cox regression, no crude association to graft loss was found for rs3811321 on chromosome 14 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.59–1.29, p = 0.50) or rs6565887 on chromosome 18 (HR 0.88, CI 0.62–1.25, p = 0.48). Multivariable adjustments did not change results, nor did evaluation of the number of risk alleles formed by the two SNPs. No association with mortality was detected. In conclusion, an impact of two SNPs on chromosomes 14 and 18 on death‐censored graft survival or all‐cause mortality was not confirmed. Our results emphasize the importance of validating findings from high‐throughput genetics studies and call for large collaborative research initiatives in the field of transplantation outcomes.     

1990年与2013年中国人群暴力疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990年与2013年中国人群暴力疾病负担及变化趋势。方法 利用2013年全球疾病负担中国研究结果,采用死亡率、过早死亡损失寿命年（YLL）、伤残损失寿命年（YLD）和伤残调整寿命年（DALY）等指标,对中国人群暴力疾病负担情况进行描述,并与1990年相应指标进行对比,描述中国暴力疾病负担的变化情况。结果 2013年中国人群暴力死亡2.05万人,死亡率为1.44/10万;暴力造成的DALY损失为108.3万人年,其中锐器伤暴力造成的DALY损失为47.50万人年,火器伤暴力造成的DALY损失为9.03万人年,其他原因暴力造成的DALY损失为51.60万人年。男性暴力造成的DALY损失高于女性。与1990年相比,暴力标化死亡率下降67.35%,暴力DALY绝对值下降68.07%,暴力年龄标化DALY率下降70.47%;分年龄组结果显示,青壮年和老年人群的暴力疾病负担最为严重,与1990年相比,2013年≥ 70岁老年人的DALY绝对值上升9.36%,其中锐器伤暴力DALY上升17.65%;暴力标化DALY率在各个年龄段均呈现下降趋势,下降幅度最大的是0~4岁,其中,锐器伤暴力DALY率在0~4岁年龄段下降幅度为75.11%,火器伤暴力DALY率在0~4岁年龄段下降83.20%。结论 现阶段暴力造成的疾病负担下降,男性人群疾病负担高于女性,老年人的暴力疾病负担出现上升,且以锐器伤暴力为主,须采取针对性的防控措施。     

Lip creams with propolis special extract GH 2002 0.5% versus aciclovir 5.0% for herpes labialis (vesicular stage)

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift - A lip cream with special propolis extract GH 2002 at a concentration of 0.5% (199 patients) was tested against aciclovir 5% (198...     

Modified Marcy repair for indirect inguinal hernia in children: a 24-year single-center experience of 6826 pediatric patients

Purpose

To evaluate the management and outcomes of modified Marcy repair for inguinal hernia in a large series of children.

Methods

We analyzed the case records of 6826 pediatric patients who underwent surgery for inguinal hernia between January, 1991 and January, 2015 at Split University Hospital in Croatia. The following parameters were examined: sex, age, location of the hernia, intraoperative or postoperative complications, recurrence, and surgical method.

Results

The 6826 patients included 4751 boys and 2075 girls operated on for inguinal hernia. The mean age was 3.5 years, and mean followup was 14 years. Right-side predominance was noted with 59.50 % right hernia repairs, 33.72 % left hernia repairs, and 6.78 % bilateral hernia repairs. There were 6410 (93.90 %) elective procedures and 416 (6.10 %) emergency procedures for incarceration. The mean duration of surgery was 26 min (14–90 min), and the mean hospital stay was 1 day. Marcy repair was the most commonly performed operation (95.76 %), whereas Ferguson’s technique was performed in only 3.98 % of the children. The overall recurrence rate was 0.43 %, with a recurrence rate of 0.36 % for Marcy repair and 1.83 % for Ferguson repair (p = 0.0003).

Conclusion

Modified Marcy hernia repair is a safe and effective procedure for inguinal hernia in children with excellent outcomes and a low incidence of recurrence.

     

乌鲁木齐市多中心儿童侵袭性念珠菌病临床特征及其血流感染的危险因素分析

目的了解儿童侵袭性念珠菌病的临床特征,探讨念珠菌血流感染的危险因素。方法选取2010年1月至2015年12月乌鲁木齐市5家三级医院确诊或临床诊断的134例侵袭性念珠菌病患儿为研究对象。采用多中心、回顾性研究方法,检测患儿真菌感染类型及构成比,比较念珠菌血流感染组及非血流感染组患儿的临床资料,并应用logistic多因素回归分析探讨念珠菌血流感染的危险因素。结果 134例患儿中分离出134株念珠菌菌株,其中非白色念珠菌占53.0%。侵袭性念珠菌病在PICU及非PICU病区的发生率分别为41.8%、48.5%。血流感染为主(68例,50.7%),其次为尿路感染(45例,33.6%)。念珠菌血流感染组与非血流感组在年龄及广谱抗生素使用率、慢性肾功能不全发生率、心力衰竭发生率、留置尿管率及非白色念珠菌感染率比较中差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄(1~24个月)(OR=6.027)、非白色念珠菌感染(OR=1.020)是念珠菌血流感染的独立危险因素。结论侵袭性念珠菌病在儿科ICU及非ICU病区发生率基本相同;感染菌株以非白色念珠菌为主;血流感染为最常见的念珠菌感染形式;年龄1~24个月及非白色念珠菌感染患儿发生念珠菌血流感染的风险增加。